Procedurer The donation process begins long before any retrieval: it begins when someone in the intensive care unit identifies a possible donor and the deceased…

…normal accessory pathways. However, conduction may be blocked in unusual accessory pathways that possess long conduction times or decremental conduction properties. Furthermore, adenosine binds to…

…FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability rather than the absolute value TLC Total lung capacity…

Procedurer Spirometry is the only investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of…

Procedurer The insertion itself is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced…

…It may arise from pulmonary vascular disease, left sided cardiac disease, chronic lung disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions…

…the heart comes closer to the thoracic wall, with less lung tissue covering the heart. Some images in adult TTE are obtained with the patient…

…Thresholds for INR and platelet count before insertion differ between regions and departments — follow local protocol. Severe lung disease or a contralateral pneumothorax: avoid the…

Infektionssjukdomar Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar The doses below are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and…

…major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues, including the liver, lung, fat, and skin, with myocardial concentrations…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Stress echocardiography is a functional cardiac imaging technique used primarily to identify inducible myocardial ischaemia and to…

…to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or asthma. Irregular wide complex tachycardia (absolute…

…sound waves returning to the transducer are reflected back to the tissue. Reverberations are common when examining lung tissue; the double layered pleura produce reverberations…

…episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension…

…bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions…

…B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C Circulation Skin color Sweating Capillary refill time…

…medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers Recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Pharmacologic agents in perfusion imaging Vasodilators (adenosine, dipyridamole, regadenoson) These…

…to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance), congenital heart disease (transposition of the…

…and medications may cause sinus tachycardia; e.g congestive heart failure, lung disease (e.g COPD), fever, infections, anemia, myocardial ischemia/infarction, pulmonary embolism, pheochromocytoma…

…saturation in the lower part of the target range. Paraquat poisoning — oxygen worsens the lung injury. Discuss with your national or regional poison control centre…

…profound shock, very limited decompression may be considered in consultation with a cardiothoracic surgeon. Myocardial rupture after myocardial infarction, and traumatic haemopericardium — these require surgery;…

…coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan the aspiration for the trough level or pause the drug according to local practice Relative Skin infection…

…own laboratory uses before applying it. The D dimer is raised in pregnancy, malignancy, infection, surgery, trauma and old age. A positive value is not…

…3718 3726. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad456. Stroke Risk Stratification: CHA₂DS₂ VA or CHA₂DS₂ VASc? Heart Lung Circ . 2018;27(12):1478 1480. doi:10…

…related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age, hypokalemia, chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, and amyloidosis. Furthermore, ongoing ischemia…

…cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is seen predominantly after larger infarctions and/or delayed reperfusion. Its…

…in some instances, persist for extended durations. As for any long standing tachycardia, there is a risk of developing tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. In pediatric populations…

…long QT syndrome (LQTS) & ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes) due to prolonged QT interval The QT interval is the time interval from the beginning of…

ECG Please refer to the previous chapter: LQTS (Long QT Syndrome)

…Cause of cardiac arrest : Shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia) are mostly due to acute myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, and in these cases…

…drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With regards to drugs…

[calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade…

Echocardiography Pericardial diseases: effusion and tamponade A long series of conditions can affect the pericardium (pericardium). The most common of these are acute pericarditis (perimyocarditis…

5 Year Risk of Life Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias [calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which…

Kardiologi Lathundar Three questions determine the management: is the patient unstable, how long has the fibrillation lasted, and does the patient need an anticoagulant? The…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT…

…that drive coronary and cerebral perfusion, and ventilation of the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is…

…Three questions come up again and again on call: which dose, how long to interrupt treatment before a procedure, and how to reverse in bleeding…

…and dangerous in a few. The male urethra is about 25 cm long with two curves and a prostate that can grip; the female urethra…

…intervention while limiting major and clinically relevant bleeding. Long term antiplatelet therapy after STEMI is associated with approximately a 25% reduction in recurrent infarction, stroke…

…than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and…

…the symptoms began, whether they are continuous or episodic, how long an attack lasts, and whether anything actually triggers it [1,2]. The single most…

…an advanced version of the original SYNTAX Score, designed to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the…

…changes). Related topics ST segment and T wave changes Ischemic and nonischemic ST segment depressions Brugada syndrome Long QT syndrome Author Dr Araz Rawshani, MD…

…despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated predominantly in the liver by very long chain acyl CoA synthetase 1. This activating enzyme is…

…It is frequently clinically silent, which promotes both patient and clinician inertia and contributes to inadequate long term control. The treatment objective is individualized blood…

…persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is…

…wave. Because of the long duration of the plateau phase most contractile cells are in this phase at the same time (more or less). Moreover…

…Management Definition and Clinical Characteristics Torsades de pointes (TdP) represents a multifactorial clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]…

…while simultaneously affecting systemic perfusion. Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients with low flow low gradient aortic stenosis (discussed…

…a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the tissues back to the lungs where it is exhaled. The final partial pressure of carbon dioxide…

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

…change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It is measured in parasternal long axis view (PLAX) using M mode. The end systolic and end diastolic…

…may also develop tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy (Gopinnathair et al). Long term prognosis is excellent, with the vast majority of patients recovering completely after restoration of…

…Two dimensional echocardiogram. This view is called parasternal long axis view (PLAX). Structures that are closest to the transducer are placed at the top of…

…same time despite a normal pH. The lungs compensate for a primary metabolic disturbance within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory…

…secondary adrenal insufficiency or long term corticosteroid treatment cannot increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever, infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple…

…coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The term hypertensive urgency is best avoided…

…few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who needs it : : : Basal insulin (intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with type 1 diabetes, always…

…< 20 kPa (150 mmHg), and permissive hypercapnia as long as the pH stays above about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure…