…heart failure and one in five for stroke. Sex and gender are distinct but interacting determinants of cardiovascular health. Sex refers principally to biological characteristics…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check more frequently. Warfarin is often preferable…

…Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb: marked peripheral arterial disease, Raynaud…

…involvement. Work up of unexplained iron, B12 or folate deficiency when blood tests are insufficient. Contraindications Severe coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulation — correct this first . Thrombocytopenia…

…Atelectasis and postoperative hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD…

…in patients who remain unconscious. The evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against active cooling to 32–36 °C. The HYPERION result means that…

…reduced hemoglobin/hematocrit, bleeding history, insufficient kidney function, and treatment with antiplatelet agents. Research indicates that the ORBIT score may offer better discrimination and calibration…

…C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): • Add ezetimibe (if not already added earlier). • Add a PCSK9 inhibitor (if statin + ezetimibe combination is insufficient).

…do not always correspond. Visual estimation of luminal narrowing may therefore be insufficient when deciding whether an intermediate lesion should be revascularized. Coronary pressure assessment…

…edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is insufficient. Aortic regurgitation may cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac…

…function. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available. Insufficient oxygen supply results in diminished ATP production and subsequently disruption of cellular metabolism. In…

…rhythms may (1) not occur, (2) occur transiently, or (3) occur but generate insufficient cardiac output. If no escape rhythm occurs, cardiac arrest will ensue…

…Diuretics may be used for symptom relief. Surgical repair or valve replacement is considered when medical therapy is insufficient, or when concomitant valvular disease (e…

…W every third minute. Adjust so that the total exercise time is 8–12 minutes — a shorter test gives insufficient information, a longer one is…

…long term functional outcome is limited. A Cochrane review found insufficient randomised evidence to determine which agent is best. The choice is therefore governed chiefly…

…up to a total of three boluses, if severe symptoms persist and the initial rise is insufficient [3,6]. European protocols have also used 150…

…over the volar nerve. Wait 10 minutes — insufficient waiting time is the commonest reason for the patient finding the procedure painful. Test with a needle…

…LVEF measurement is reliable. Nevertheless, these findings increase diagnostic confidence. The presence of symptoms alone is insufficient. Anaemia and pulmonary, renal, thyroid or hepatic disease…

…is often required to capture symptomatic events. A typical 24 to 48 hour Holter monitor is frequently insufficient. Monitors that offer real time data transmission…

…tolerated exercise time. Chronic limb threatening ischaemia CLTI occurs when resting perfusion is insufficient to meet the basal nutritional requirements of tissue. Typical symptoms include…

…precipitous drop in haemoglobin, or a sustained tachyarrhythmia—may result in insufficient blood flow to meet the increased myocardial oxygen demand, precipitating Type 2 MI…

…wall stress and coronary artery perfusion. These changes gradually lead to insufficient coronary perfusion (i.e myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris), ventricular dysfunction (heart failure…

…a stimulus that is expected to result in activation fails to do so. This may be due to insufficient stimulus energy, or lead dislodgement/fracture…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…of hyperkalaemia Severe hyperkalemia is usually the result of several interacting factors, such as renal failure, insufficient corticosteroid substitution, acidosis, hemolysis and massive muscle damage…

…is transcutaneous pacing. Pharmacological interventions (Table 4) should be considered temporary, often insufficient, treatments that can be attempted until a pacemaker is established. Drug Effect…

…induce spontaneous electrical activity in myocardial cells. CPP below 15 mmHg is insufficient to generate cardiac electrical activity. CPP = P aortic P right atrium…

…Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory treatment (which…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10…

…basal morning cortisol in the grey zone. A morning value below about 100 nmol/L strongly suggests insufficiency, and a value above about 350–400…

…Volume overload (diastolic overload) causes increased pressure within the chamber and this leads to dilatation. The most common cause is valvular regurgitation (insufficiency). For example…

…smoking, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or…

…the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and…

…levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately elevated. The syndrome can produce widespread maternal complications, including pulmonary oedema, renal insufficiency, hepatic injury, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy…

…failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest…

…thyrotoxicosis, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D…

…artery stenosis Severe electrolyte imbalance Severe hyperthyroidism Moderate to severe aortic stenosis Insufficiently controlled arrhythmias which may cause hemodynamic compromise Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Second degree…