…started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain…

…consciousness or DKA: remove the pump and change to an infusion or injections Drugs for type 2 diabetes in inpatients Agent The acutely ill inpatient…

…vasoactive agents are categorised according to their distinct pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are broadly utilised to augment myocardial contractility, manipulate systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory…

…Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The need for several simultaneous, incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy…

…rather than drugs — 100–150 J biphasic in an adult, 1 J/kg in a child (2 J/kg at the second attempt). Vasoactive infusions…

…reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction system occurs more often than sinus node…

…a foreign body is an important differential). Treatment of anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest Administer CPR as per guidelines. Most patients require an immediate intravenous dose…

…and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of one drug over the other…

…order to evaluate ventricular function, since it may affect the choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…3 weeks or occasionally longer; loading doses mitigate this delay. During chronic therapy, plasma concentrations correlate well with oral doses, averaging approximately 0.5 mg…

…Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock Bradycardia (second line therapy) Stress testing (due to induced increase in myocardial O 2 consumption) Regular : 2.0–20 μg/kg…

…Lathundar About this quick reference Treatment protocols differ between regions. Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care…

…placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression was no more common — and sometimes less common — after a benzodiazepine than with continued untreated status [3,4]. In parallel…

…than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion…

…bolus over 1 minute. Infusion start dose: 25–50 μg/kg/min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300…

…minutes Delivery IV Dose Initial infusion dose: 0.1 μg/kg/minute iv. Titrated at 15 minutes intervals. Maximum infusion dose: 1.6 μ…

…20 min to desired blood pressure. Maximum infusion rate 5 mg/hour. • Antihypertensive treatment : Start infusion at 5 mg/hour. Increase by 2.5 mg…

…than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion…

…minutes Duration of action 2 to 4 hours Delivery IV Dose Can be given as repeated intravenous bolus injections or as a constant dose infusion…

…muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic arteries, decreases…

Nitroglycerin Patients using nitroglycerin regularly may have developed tolerance and require higher doses, alternatively nitroprusside to achieve desirable blood pressure lowring effect. Drug Nitroglycerin Brand…

…minute) should never be used for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is…

…pheochromocytoma Treatment of hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma; treatment of dermal necrosis after extravasation of drugs with á adrenergic effects. Phentolamine doses and administration in hypertension…

…Maximum infusion of 226 mg, which is 56,5 ml of the 4 mg/ml solution. Cumulative doses of more than 5 mg/kg should…

…than nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and nicardipine in hypertensive emergencies. Time to onset of action 2 4 minutes Duration of action 5 15 minutes Delivery IV (infusion…

…during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to 20 percent of anaphylactic reactions. The…

…and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need is more than brief: continuing pacing dependence…

…mmol sodium bicarbonate per mL) for bolus and infusion, and glucose 50 mg/mL as carrier solution according to local protocol. Potassium chloride for infusion…

…coma. As above but with lower temperatures. Electrolyte replacement. Large infusions of fluids are typically needed. Table 1. Grading of hyperthermia. Body temperature should decrease…

…Insert at least one functioning intravenous cannula. Stop potassium infusions and temporarily withdraw drugs that can raise the potassium. Assess the urine output and ask…

…fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering…

…pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue for the operating theatre rather than the emergency room: a very large or deep abscess, a markedly…

…not stay on for longer than 20–30 minutes. Procedure Paronychia — incision and drainage 1. A digital block if the abscess is more than superficia

…arrest ranges from 20 to 140 cases per 100,000 inhabitants ( Ahern et al ). In the United States, more than 500,000 individuals (adults and…

…cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is seen predominantly after larger infarctions and/or delayed reperfusion. Its…

…on the coronary arteries. The tumors can be asymptomatic for a long time and be detected randomly when investigating other conditions. More dramatic onset of…

…side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of…

[calc_shunt] Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography: A Guide to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic…