…audiometry or the fitting of a hearing aid. Recurrent otitis externa in which the wax retains moisture. Contraindications Absolute contraindications to irrigation: A known or…

…ataxia Posterior circulation stroke Unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus Ménière's disease, vestibular schwannoma, labyrinthitis Continuous vertigo that does not come in attacks Vestibular neuritis…

…and do not accept a trace you would not be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise…

…A patient with vestibular neuritis or stroke, by contrast, is already continuously dizzy. Head movement then worsens the symptoms but is not their actual trigger…

…Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

…healing. Voiding problems in neurogenic bladder dysfunction, in the first instance with clean intermittent self catheterisation rather than an indwelling catheter. A catheter is not…

…contamination, not poor suture technique — and the commonest cause of permanent loss of function is a tendon injury that was sutured over without being found…

…vectors heading towards the exploring electrode (albeit with somewhat varying angles) and therefore displays a positive P wave throughout. Figure 2 (above) does not show…

…Palpable foot pulses are not an acceptable substitute, and in patients with diabetes or renal failure the index may be falsely normal because of medial…