…non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is a hypertensive emergency requiring the most rapid BP response. The objective is to…

…stents (BMS) in response to restenosis caused principally by neointimal hyperplasia. Contemporary DES combine a metallic scaffold, a polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system…

…care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU)…

…several studies show that EMS response times have increased dramatically in recent years ( Figure 2 ). The chain of survival is only as strong as its…

…fluid and lactate measurement. A meta analysis of emergency department alert systems found an association with lower mortality, but most of the evidence was observational…

…your national or regional poison control centre, and activate the emergency medical response system using your local emergency number. Contact the nearest intensive care unit…

…also result in bradycardia with syncope. Carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) is an exaggerated response to carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. Causes of persisting bradycardia Sinus node…

…necessary to establish a transcutaneous pacemaker, which is the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and North American (AHA, ACC) guidelines…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…

…acidosis, hypertension and tachycardia are common during a generalised seizure. In prolonged status the initial sympathetic response can give way to hypotension, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia and…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Right ventricular infarction (RVI) is myocardial necrosis involving the right ventricle, most often occurring in association…

…Condition Comment : : Left main stenosis Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms…

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

CPR In cardiac arrest, constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain…

…trained and the laboratory must be equipped with defibrillators and other emergency instruments. Personnel conducting the test must be formally trained to assess cardiovascular response…

…The severity of the symptoms governs the emergency treatment Severe symptoms The following symptoms indicate hyponatraemic encephalopathy and warrant immediate treatment in the absence of…

Procedurer The test measures the ability of the adrenal cortex to respond to maximal ACTH stimulation, and it is rarely the injection itself that determines…

…during exercise may signal an adverse clinical response. Recreational activity should therefore be increased at an appropriate intensity, with attention to the emergence of symptoms…

…decades but carries several limitations, most notably its reliance on ST segment elevation as the key trigger for emergent reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to…

…serum cortisol and ACTH first only if this does not delay treatment. Plus fluid and glucose Adrenal crisis: hypotension that does not respond to fluid…

…sync mode no shock at all is then delivered while the patient deteriorates. Indications Emergency, irrespective of duration and anticoagulation status: Tachyarrhythmia with haemodynamic compromise:…

…fire brigade, emergency rescue, and security guards) in BLS is key to improving outcomes in OHCA and may be the single strongest factor driving improvement…

…unsuccessful resuscitation within a 4 minute window, an emergent cesarean section should be considered to optimize fetal outcomes. The gestational age should ideally exceed 20…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Framework Chest pain is a broad clinical syndrome rather than a narrowly defined symptom. It includes…

…guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension…

…guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension…

…consciousness or new onset marked weakness rapidly progressive symptoms from several organ systems severe abdominal pain or repeated vomiting after probable allergen exposure sudden hypotension…

Njurmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency management in brief The intensity of treatment is governed by ECG changes, symptoms, the rate of rise, renal function and the…

Endokrinologi & metabolism Akutsjukvård Lathundar Emergency overview Measure the plasma glucose immediately in everyone with a reduced level of consciousness, seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia…

Emergency medicine Lathundar Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Clinical Overview The evaluation of acute chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an acute myocardial infarction associated with a working diagnosis…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Acute aortic syndromes comprise classic aortic dissection, intramural haematoma (IMH), and penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU). Aortic dissection accounts for…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Emergency medicine Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia encompasses a spectrum of rhythm disturbances characterized by an inappropriately slow heart rate. Within…

Clinical chemistry & laboratory medicine Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiological Basis High sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn) assays detect circulating troponin released…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker…

Labetalol Drug Labetalol Brand names Trandate ® Indications Mycoardial ischemia. Hypertension. Hypertensive emergency, including in pregnancy. Postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Combined beta adrenergic and…

Nicardipine Drug Nicardipine Brand names Cardene ® Indications Hypertension, hypertensive emergency/crisis. Pregnancy induced hypertension. Angina pectoris Prinzmetal's angina Mechanism of action Nicardipine is…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar About this quick reference This is a practical quick reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows…

…Fenoldopam Drug Fenoldopam Brand names Corlopam ® Indications Short term management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist…

…levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency. The term denotes severe hypertension with advanced hypertensive retinopathy…

…delirium • Analgesia • Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency Mechanism of action Clonidine is primarily a centrally acting alpha 2 agonist. Stimulation of alpha 2 adrenoceptors in the…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

…congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation…

…again within a day, and the abscess sits somewhere that makes incision in the emergency department the wrong move — in the hand, in the medial…

…down by three adults. Procedure Batteries and magnets A button battery in the nose or the ear canal is an emergency, not a finding that…

…acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism…

…drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU (intensive care unit) or ER (emergency room). Careful electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG…

…congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation…

…for anyone interested in ECG interpretation. Also includes vast amounts of clinically relevant discussions and articles in emergency medicine. AnaesthesiaUK is a comprehensive e resource…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…