…age 65, and concomitant drug/alcohol use. Some studies suggest HAS BLED has comparable or slightly superior predictive capability for major bleeding compared to ATRIA…

…irritation with longer term use. A water soluble lubricant, preferably with a local anaesthetic, and a decongestant nasal spray if the nasal passage is narrow…

…recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of…

…Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and a continuous ECG. Establish two intravenous cannulae where possible. Use intraosseous access if intravenous access…

…use and concomitant drugs that increase bleeding risk. Adherence and the suitability of the proposed anticoagulant dose. Whether concomitant antiplatelet therapy is genuinely indicated. The…

…80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and precautions Use Aspirin with caution in the following cases: Concurrent anticoagulant therapy (e.g., coumarin derivatives or heparin…

…Rate control does not affect the rhythm per se . Rhythm control, on the other hand, attempts to restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…Use) mild BAL DIMERCAPROL Dimercaprol Mixed ar less tachycardia/blood pressure mild Trelstar TRIPTORELIN PAMOATE TRIPTORELIN PAMOATE Mixed wp most sudden cardiac death/prolong the…

…coating An antiproliferative drug The drug is delivered from the stent surface and suppresses cellular proliferation and neointimal growth. Modern stent platforms use thinner struts…

…by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals…

…Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to their distinct pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are…

Info This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

Cardiology This drug manual is provided for use in patients with hypertensive emergency (also referred to as hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertension ). Hypertensive emergency is…

…Withdraw slowly. • Simultaneous use of tricyclic antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine doses and…

…μg/kg/minute. Use the lowest possible dose, avoiding prolonged use (<2 3 days), and monitor the patient closely to avoid cyanide toxicity. • Dose…

…Clinical use This overview is a quick reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the…

…achieve the desired hemodynamic outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU…

…achieve the desired hemodynamic outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU…

…tolerance and require higher doses, alternatively nitroprusside to achieve desirable blood pressure lowring effect. Drug Nitroglycerin Brand names Gonitro ®, Minitran ®, Mylan nitro ®…

…stabilise the patient, work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation…

…Nitroprusside Figure 1. The approximate position of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey =…

…pharmacodynamic effects. We provide a direct PubMed search for each drug and we recommend the reader to use this link to assess the literature. Medical…

…missed, only one tablet should be taken at the next regular time. Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea…

…antiarrhythmic drugs and may be comparable to amiodarone in preventing recurrences of AF after cardioversion. It has also been used successfully to decrease the incidence…

…inotropic and vasodilatory effects. The drug exerts its effects through three pharmacological mechanisms: (1) augmentation of myocardial contractility via calcium sensitization of troponin C; (2…

…4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…three times daily See note Do not use Do not use Nitrofurantoin: as a general rule the drug is contraindicated at an eGFR <45 mL…

…When the weight of a child aged 1–10 years is unknown: estimate it as (age in years + 4) × 2 kg , but use a length…

…Despite its widespread use, BMI has several limitations: It does not distinguish between fat, muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the types or…

…and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged. However, it retains a specific niche in contemporary cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The pharmacologic foundation of digoxin…

…for ventricular fibrillation, where urgent reversion to sinus rhythm is required. The rationale for electrical therapy over drugs is that, under monitored conditions, a controlled…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…immediately. Stop a suspected drug infusion or contrast medium. Remove a visible bee sting. Never delay adrenaline in order to identify or remove the allergen…

…5. Use the correct cuff size. A cuff that is too small overestimates the blood pressure. 6. Repeat the measurement after a few minutes' rest…

…often takes too long. Intraosseous access accepts all drugs, fluids and blood products that can be given intravenously , at the same dose. Blood samples can…

…reasons. Extubate as soon as it is safe to do so after the endoscopy. Fluid and monitoring Use a balanced crystalloid in the first instance…

…before starting. A complete medication list including over the counter drugs, herbal remedies and supplements. An assessment of bleeding risk and the risk of falls;…

…patients on digoxin or verapamil, although this is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore…

…disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states. EAT typically has an abrupt onset, although…

…ERS removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children, but many laboratories and spirometers still use it as…

…that there are any electrical potential differences in the myocardium. Current guidelines, however, still recommend the use of the J point for assessing acute ischemia …

…as is the proportion surviving with good neurological function ( Table 1 ). Table 1. Asphyxi Hanging ning Case Traumas Drowning Road accident Drug overdose/drugs Number…

…Calculate the mean QT interval for each lead and use the longest QT interval obtained. Large U waves that are fused with the T wave…

…T½ 3 h. 50% renal elimination. • Typically the first choice of drug. • Effective in sinus bradycardia or AV node block. • Dose <0.5 mg may…

…is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

…is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs…

Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG ECG changes due to electrolyte imbalance (electrolyte disorder) The normal cardiac action potential may be altered by electrolyte imbalance, owing…

…be evaluated with angiography earlier. Guidelines recommend the use of validated risk models to estimate the risk of acute myocardial infarction, 30 day and 1…

…the catheter does not become the patient's next focus of infection. Indications Infusion of vesicant solutions: vasopressors, concentrated potassium, cytotoxic drugs, parenteral nutrition. The…

…the neck. Symptomatic carotid stenosis, recent stroke or TIA in the vertebrobasilar territory. Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the…

…targeting peripheral mechanisms is illustrated by the use of ACE inhibitors and beta blockers in heart failure; these drugs antagonize neurohormonal mechanisms and improve cardiac…

…a course of chemotherapy, but the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy…

…C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction is required, including in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. The broader therapeutic…

…The guideline framework does not use the terms “controlled resistant hypertension” for blood pressure at target on four or more drugs or “refractory hypertension” for…

…Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs…

…h for at least 24 hours, or anuria for at least 12 hours Use whichever criterion gives the higher stage. A patient can thus be…

…or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis, exhaustion, hypotension or collapse The classification is based on a combination of clinical findings…

…or the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. In such clinical scenarios, an atypical ECG presentation does not definitively exclude a typical flutter circuit utilizing the CTI…

…Drug induced LQTS and TdP represent a multifactorial clinical entity that typically emerges when multiple modifiable and non modifiable risk factors converge. The electrophysiological mechanism…