…with ECG may reveal atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in…

…D: Diabetes Mellitus (1 point) S: Prior Stroke or TIA or thromboembolism (2 points) V: Vascular disease (1 point) A: Age 65 to 74 years…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus…

…without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity…

…also be considered at increased cardiovascular risk without a calculated SCORE2 or SCORE2 OP estimate when certain clinical conditions are present. These include diabetes mellitus…

…follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically evident restenosis, manifested by recurrent angina attributable to the treated…

…diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure, hypercoagulability, prior brachytherapy Antiplatelet therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to…

…AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease…

…diabetes mellitus, or in those taking potassium supplements. When managing albuminuria or CKD, the serum creatinine and potassium should be monitored while increasing to the…

…shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure…

…risk is increased by: CKD, especially advanced CKD; diabetic kidney disease; older age; diabetes mellitus; hypovolaemia or extracellular fluid depletion; congestive heart failure or other…

…state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both…

…greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without pain…

…distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus…

…MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary…

…following parameters: C ongestive Heart Failure (1 point) H ypertension (1 point) A₂ ge ≥75 years (2 points) D iabetes Mellitus (1 point) S₂ troke…

…only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI…

…in South Asians, who have substantially elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes at BMI levels of 23 kg/m 2 or higher. Body surface…

…hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension: raised office blood pressure without organ damage. Suspected masked hypertension: normal office blood pressure but…

…mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of…

… used to guide antibiotic therapy Glucose and lipids Test Threshold Comment : : : Fasting plasma glucose 4.0–6.0 mmol/L ≥ 7.0 on two occasions…

…admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis…

…has already begun to rise by the time it is measured, for example after relatives have given carbohydrate or glucagon. In a person without diabetes…

…Forgetting to review the dose as the corticosteroid is tapered. The dose must come down in parallel, otherwise hypoglycaemia will follow. Discharge without a plan…

…the presence of clinical signs of infection — all chronic wounds are colonised, and a culture taken without clinical suspicion leads only to unnecessary antibiotics. 5…

…Indications Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus Incision and drainage Acute paronychia without pus formation Antibiotics and soaks alone Ingrown nail with…

…or refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment Bleeding into the ear canal Previous radiotherapy to the…

…hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No response to…

…was sutured over without being found. Indications A traumatic wound that gapes and cannot be expected to heal with good function or cosmesis without apposition…

…than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome…

…cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections…

…diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence…

…selected patients. In diabetes, carotid plaque prevalence correlates linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid…

…treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of life. The underlying aetiology is…

…insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, CKD and CVD reinforce one another. Dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to inflammatory and metabolic abnormalities, while CKD promotes vascular and myocardial…

…the elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification Fasting triglycerides Non fasting triglycerides Mild to moderate HTG 150–499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally affect large and medium sized arteries. Pathological…

…active commuting and recreational activities. Exercise is a more structured form of physical activity undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is…

…Nevertheless, many patients are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular complications may dominate the presentation or emerge during evaluation. These…

…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

…Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Most out of hospital deaths occur early and are commonly related to ventricular fibrillation…

…drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic predisposition…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that…

…during diastole. (a) = active atrial filling; (b) = increased atrial pressure due to bulging of mitral valve into the left atrium, when valve closes;…

…with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves…

…often recommended for PCI, while those with high scores (≥33) are typically advised to undergo CABG due to better long term outcomes. Intermediate scores (23…

…Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of: Estimated cardiovascular risk Baseline bleeding risk Age Diabetes sta

…in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals unable or unwilling to take statins…

…1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes…

…classification, remains incompletely established. Data concerning premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including…