…diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to…

…Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in lifetime cardiovascular disease …

…D: Diabetes Mellitus (1 point) S: Prior Stroke or TIA or thromboembolism (2 points) V: Vascular disease (1 point) A: Age 65 to 74 years…

…For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure…

…refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus…

…HFrEF), with or without diabetes Heart failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity…

…as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific risk assessment or risk categorization…

…Restenosis was more likely with: Small reference vessel diameter A small post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components…

…diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure, hypercoagulability, prior brachytherapy Antiplatelet therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to…

…vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk is heterogeneous and is determined principally by the patient’s underlying clinical…

…and potassium should be evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of ACE inhibitors, especially in patients with preexisting azotemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, diabetes mellitus…

…and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure; congestive heart failure…

…risk is increased by: CKD, especially advanced CKD; diabetic kidney disease; older age; diabetes mellitus; hypovolaemia or extracellular fluid depletion; congestive heart failure or other…

…state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both…

…greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without pain…

…to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease…

…global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent population attributable risk factors. Furthermore…

…years (2 points) D iabetes Mellitus (1 point) S₂ troke, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), or Thromboembolism history (2 points) V ascular Disease (1 point) A…

…90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal or…

…diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Coronary artery disease…

…4 weeks Less often, with syncope Implantable loop recorder Contraindications None. Practical obstacles are skin disease or allergy to the electrode gel, and marked body…

…visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart…

… used to guide antibiotic therapy Glucose and lipids Test Threshold Comment : : : Fasting plasma glucose 4.0–6.0 mmol/L ≥ 7.0 on two occasions…

…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…or glucagon. In a person without diabetes, a hypoglycaemic disorder is defined primarily by Whipple's triad : 1. Symptoms or signs consistent with hypoglycaemia. 2…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

…or refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment Bleeding into the ear canal Previous radiotherapy to the…

…disease. In lateral epicondylitis the effect is in fact worse than no treatment at all at one year . The injection is therefore a tool to…

…wounds where a long time has passed since the injury (see below). Be particularly cautious with impaired healing: peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression…

…atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance…

…outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections…

…older adults. It contributes to vascular injury, accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is…

…In diabetes, carotid plaque prevalence correlates linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is…

…life. The underlying aetiology is heterogeneous. Chronic heart failure evaluation should therefore seek reversible or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes…

…worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes, hypertension…

…chest discomfort requires a systematic differential diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness…

…X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is predominantly associated with variants affecting…

…aortic disease is less clearly defined, although triglycerides may contribute to the development and progression of aortic pathology. Severe HTG, especially when associated with chylomicronaemia…

…or electrical instability in advanced or acute presentations Left main disease may be clinically silent, and revascularisation recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms…

…more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies…

…in older people and in patients with diabetes. The haemodynamic consequences depend on lesion location, severity, length, the presence of multilevel disease and collateral circulation…

…individuals with cardiovascular disease, an exercise test may provide objective information on peak exercise capacity and the heart rate, blood pressure and symptom responses to…

…patients with resistant or severe hypertension and associated clinical features. Clinical presentation and symptoms The usual clinical manifestation is hypertension, often severe or resistant to…

…which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular risk factors themselves, and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events…

…to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly in individuals with hypertension, diabetes or previous angina. Patients should be advised to…

…1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic predisposition, structural heart disease, and diabetes [1]. Although TdP and subsequent sudden death are rare, the…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…95% of individuals with hypertension have essential hypertension , also referred to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause…

…during diastole. (a) = active atrial filling; (b) = increased atrial pressure due to bulging of mitral valve into the left atrium, when valve closes;…

…hypopigmentation. Areas with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over…

…the need for a standardized method to evaluate the anatomical complexity of CAD, particularly in patients with multivessel disease or left main coronary artery disease …

…to individuals without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary prevention concerns patients with established vascular disease…

…disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes…

…in RA may be directly attributable to CVD. Excess mortality becomes apparent approximately 7–10 years after diagnosis and is associated with persistent disease activity…

…remains incompletely established. Data concerning premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including systemic…