…diabetes mellitus (both type 1 and type 2), obesity, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four fold increase in…

…D: Diabetes Mellitus (1 point) S: Prior Stroke or TIA or thromboembolism (2 points) V: Vascular disease (1 point) A: Age 65 to 74 years…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity…

…also be considered at increased cardiovascular risk without a calculated SCORE2 or SCORE2 OP estimate when certain clinical conditions are present. These include diabetes mellitus…

…follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically evident restenosis, manifested by recurrent angina attributable to the treated…

…diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure, hypercoagulability, prior brachytherapy Antiplatelet therapy Nonadherence or discontinuation of clopidogrel or DAPT, reduced clopidogrel bioavailability, hyporesponsiveness or resistance to…

…AF pattern. Important predictors include previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), mitral stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure, older age, vascular disease…

…diabetes mellitus, or in those taking potassium supplements. When managing albuminuria or CKD, the serum creatinine and potassium should be monitored while increasing to the…

…shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse events is increased by: advanced age; diabetes mellitus; chronic kidney disease or renal failure…

…risk is increased by: CKD, especially advanced CKD; diabetic kidney disease; older age; diabetes mellitus; hypovolaemia or extracellular fluid depletion; congestive heart failure or other…

…state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity therefore acts both…

…is not uniformly present. The proportion of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present…

…distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus…

…MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary…

…following parameters: C ongestive Heart Failure (1 point) H ypertension (1 point) A₂ ge ≥75 years (2 points) D iabetes Mellitus (1 point) S₂ troke…

…only in claudication, but before every compression treatment of a leg ulcer and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI…

…type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Coronary…

…normal office blood pressure but organ damage or high risk. Treatment resistant hypertension. Suspected nocturnal hypertension or absent nocturnal dipping (diabetes, renal failure, sleep apnoea)…

…mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of…

… used to guide antibiotic therapy Glucose and lipids Test Threshold Comment : : : Fasting plasma glucose 4.0–6.0 mmol/L ≥ 7.0 on two occasions…

…admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis…

…has already begun to rise by the time it is measured, for example after relatives have given carbohydrate or glucagon. In a person without diabetes…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy Reduced compression, closer…

…Indications Condition Procedure : : Acute paronychia with fluctuance or visible pus Incision and drainage Acute paronychia without pus formation Antibiotics and soaks alone Ingrown nail with…

…or refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment Bleeding into the ear canal Previous radiotherapy to the…

…hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No response to…

…A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been inspected to its depth, and has not been assessed for tendon and nerve injury…

…than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome…

…cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, advanced age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections…

…diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking exposure, and physical inactivity. The interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence…

…selected patients. In diabetes, carotid plaque prevalence correlates linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid…

…Evidence of congestion or fluid retention. The presence of precipitating or aggravating conditions. The likely underlying aetiology. Comorbidities that may influence treatment selection and tolerability…

…insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, CKD and CVD reinforce one another. Dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to inflammatory and metabolic abnormalities, while CKD promotes vascular and myocardial…

…consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels. 1…

…is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal…

…Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification Fasting triglycerides Non fasting triglycerides Mild to moderate HTG 150–499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the left main coronary artery, which supplies…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…involved in approximately 40–50%. Distal disease is particularly common in older people and in patients with diabetes. The haemodynamic consequences depend on lesion location…

…active commuting and recreational activities. Exercise is a more structured form of physical activity undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is…

…increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension…

…at increased risk and reducing exposure to established, modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease. The principal targets include blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, diabetes and glycaemic status…

…to recognize chest discomfort or dyspnoea as potentially indicating myocardial infarction, particularly in individuals with hypertension, diabetes or previous angina. Patients should be advised to…

…drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic predisposition…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most…

…during diastole. (a) = active atrial filling; (b) = increased atrial pressure due to bulging of mitral valve into the left atrium, when valve closes;…

…with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves…

…often recommended for PCI, while those with high scores (≥33) are typically advised to undergo CABG due to better long term outcomes. Intermediate scores (23…

…Aspirin should not be prescribed routinely to individuals without established ASCVD. Selection requires simultaneous consideration of: Estimated cardiovascular risk Baseline bleeding risk Age Diabetes sta

…in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1%. The drug also lowers hsCRP. In a population of individuals unable or unwilling to take statins…

…of conditions, including gout, vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, myositis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS. Some patient groups have a two to three…

…or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions…