…bleeding costs precious time. Exact validity periods and the rules for electronic issue differ between regions — follow the local transfusion medicine regulations. In life threatening…

…or regional poison control centre, and activate the emergency medical response system using your local emergency number. Contact the nearest intensive care unit with expertise…

…and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often appropriate when very rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic syndrome, marked neurological…

…is rapid control of the bleeding that determines the outcome. Transfusion restores circulating volume, oxygen transport and haemostatic capacity, but it cannot compensate for an…

…the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your national or regional poison control centre for advice on the treatment threshold and on…

…lag behind and miss the fever. Equipment for temperature control: automated surface cooling with gel pads or a blanket, or alternatively an intravascular cooling catheter…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

…and early source control. Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete diagnostic certainty…

…Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic…

…Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic…

…blood pressure control and adherence, although prospective outcome trials have not directly established that upfront combination therapy is superior to upfront monotherapy for every patient…

…and calcium channel blockers on rhythm, conduction and ECG waveforms Although the purpose of antiarrhythmic drugs is to control arrhythmias, these medications may also cause…

…patient. Rate control in the stable patient Drug Situation Comment : : : Beta blocker (metoprolol) First choice in most cases The IV dose is titrated slowly. Caution…

…excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very rapid ventricular rate. Elective or subacute: Symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation where rhythm control is the aim. Atrial flutter…

…assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction Caution Tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia Rate control first Blood pressure 200/110 mmHg at rest Treat first Electrolyte disturbance…

…Ch 28–32 in an adult), a funnel or a lavage system, lukewarm fluid (tap water for adults, isotonic saline for children), a collecting vessel…

…without basal insulin (a so called sliding scale), gives poorer control and is not recommended as the sole regimen. Common situations Situation Management : : Fasting before…

…Bag mask equipment for a patient who is not breathing adequately. Choosing a system System Flow Approximate FiO2 Comment : : : : Nasal cannula 1–6 L/min…

…1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison control centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the…

…the HAS BLED Score The HAS BLED score is an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke B leeding…

…demonstrated consistent superiority for symptom relief in direct comparative studies, and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification…

…Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…cardiovascular disease, including PAD Conversely, patients with CVD should be screened systematically for diabetes because undiagnosed T2DM is common and has major therapeutic and prognosti

…effects and lack of compelling data regarding morbidity and mortality benefits, digoxin has been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions. However…

…Extreme dipper 20 % Also unfavourable, particularly in the elderly An abnormal 24 hour rhythm should prompt investigation for sleep apnoea, renal disease and secondary hypertension…

…in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call coagulation service. Send samples for INR…

…if source control has been achieved, 7 days in bacteraemia or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV plus 1.5 g for the first…

…does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting appropriate for cardioversion. Administration of vernakalant Vernakalant (Brinavess)…

…heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular dP/dt. Oral doses sufficient to control arrhythmias do not depress left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), even…

…coronary syndromes, particularly ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ischemic injury can disrupt the conduction system at any level, producing atrioventricular (AV) or intraventricular blocks. Isolated…

…years, compared with 15.0 per 1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison…

…the overall combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed…

…line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control in…

…myocardial fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Compared with patients with primary hypertension matched for age, sex and blood pressure, affected patients have more frequent…

…prevalence figures are scarce). Indeed, the strongest risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension…

…ischemic ST T changes. This is acknowledged in the latest recommendation issued by the International Society for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is…

…used for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Beta blockers, digoxin, and calcium channel blockers may be used to control the ventricular rate. If rate control…

… this compensates for the attenuation that occurs with increasing depth. TGC is adjusted using multiple controls that each represent a specific depth in the image…

…for optimizing image quality have been discussed earlier (refer to Optimization of the ultrasound image). Only the key principles are mentioned here. Modern ultrasound systems…

…x axis) and depth (y axis). The standard ultrasound transducer for 2D echocardiography is the phased array transducer , which creates a sector shaped ultrasound field …