…cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differ substantially from normal circumstances. The purpose of CPR is to create large variations in intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…5 mg/mL: clean with 3–4 swabs in wide circles and let it dry for a couple of minutes before the needle is inserted…

…manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a wedge board (or any…

…obstruction may persist despite successful PCI because of endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte and platelet interaction, distal thrombotic debris, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and inflammatory extravascular compression…

…challenging to drain using pericardiocentesis. In cases of cardiac tamponade, conventional chest compressions are ineffective. This is explained by the elevated intrapericardial pressure due to…

…mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced…

…myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends…

…cause: Diminished heart sounds Disappearance of the friction rub Loss of the apical impulse Electrical alternans on the ECG Compression of the left lung base

…and tissue inflammation produce extravascular compression. In the most severe form, termed no reflow, structural and functional microvascular impairment persists despite restoration of epicardial flow…

…low. Notably, specificity increases when the septum bulges into the left ventricle (i.e. septal bulging ). Bedside echocardiography allows for immediate recognition of tamponade. Typically…

…patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or bystanders…

…heart and kidneys may exert direct compressive effects and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability…

…possible. Airway management should not interrupt compressions for more than 5 seconds. The effect of cricoid pressure and gastric insufflation remains uncertain ( Panchal et al )…

…ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle brachial index, blood pressure cuff…

…Continued bleeding despite compression and cautery (packing). Contraindications Cautery: Type Contraindication : : Absolute The source of bleeding cannot be identified Relative A pacemaker or ICD when…

…patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10 MHz, ultrasound gel, a blood pressure cuff of the correct size…

…to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation…

…lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus ventricular filling). This may even lead to compression of the ventricles during…

…interstitial edema, and tissue inflammation promote extravascular compression, exacerbating myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In up to one half of STEMI cases, a precipitating…

…et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy, ventilation depth and…

…compression (for example marked thrombocytopenia). Set up and instructions Choose the cuff according to arm circumference ; a cuff that is too narrow overestimates the pressure…

…What usually ruins the examination is not the technique but the handling of the specimen — an aspirate that clots before the smears are made is…

…extrinsic compression, myocardial bridging and radiation induced coronary disease. The distinction between UA and NSTEMI has become increasingly dependent on the use of highly sensitive…

…High aortic pressure and low right atrial pressure favor coronary blood flow. A CPP of approximately ≥ 15 mmHg is required to induce spontaneous electrical activity…

…endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are much less effective in terms of the number needed to treat (NNT). The Number…

…4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 . The 3 phase model of sudden cardiac arrest…

…60% of instances, asystole in 30%, and VF/VT in 5%. Chest compressions in traumatic cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac tamponade, increased pressure…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…without the need for chest compressions. ECMO is considered in individuals who can survive with satisfactory quality of life if the circulation is temporarily supported…

…the likelihood of a shockable rhythm degenerating into asystole or PEA. Neurological function after cardiac arrest Neurological function after ROSC can be assessed using several…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of hemorrhage induced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019;140: 37 42…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…

…In regards to cardiac arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided…

…intravenous fluid resuscitation using a crystalloid solution at a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP…

…lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement…