…challenging to drain using pericardiocentesis. In cases of cardiac tamponade, conventional chest compressions are ineffective. This is explained by the elevated intrapericardial pressure due to…

…obstruction may persist despite successful PCI because of endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte and platelet interaction, distal thrombotic debris, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and inflammatory extravascular compression…

…the extent of reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure and may include: Chest discomfort Fatigue Weakness Presyncope or syncope Exercise intolerance Symptoms of shock…

…perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain, and is therefore of prime importance. This is achieved by performing effective chest compressions…

…involves the use of chest compressions, as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac…

…defibrillation (when possible) are the strongest determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require trained professionals (e.g endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions…

…a stable return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Stable ROSC is when spontaneous circulation is maintained for 20 consecutive minutes, without the need for chest compressions…

…is the standard site for both aspiration and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior part of the iliac crest is thick, red marrow is abundant…

…patients with an initial shockable rhythm, compressions and ventilation can extend the duration of the shockable rhythm by several minutes, allowing for EMS or bystanders…

…In regards to cardiac arrest, BLS includes delivering high quality chest compressions, ventilations and use of an automatic external defibrillator (AED). BLS courses are provided…

…chest compressions remain effective. Although the empirical evidence supporting these interventions may be limited, they are consistently endorsed by expert panels. In the event of…

…quality. Determining ventilation rate. Verifying the position of the tracheal tube. Evaluating the efficacy of chest compressions. Identifying return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential…

…interstitial edema, and tissue inflammation promote extravascular compression, exacerbating myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In up to one half of STEMI cases, a precipitating…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate Pericardial effusion Pericardial pain…

…the presentation represents ACS and whether the patient is clinically unstable. Particular attention is required for evidence of: Ongoing or recurrent chest discomfort. Haemodynamic instability…

…and tissue inflammation produce extravascular compression. In the most severe form, termed no reflow, structural and functional microvascular impairment persists despite restoration of epicardial flow…

…60% of instances, asystole in 30%, and VF/VT in 5%. Chest compressions in traumatic cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac tamponade, increased pressure…

CPR Neurons are exceptionally vulnerable to hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of hemorrhage induced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019;140: 37 42…

…L) — choose the subcutaneous route if possible, otherwise give IM with a fine needle and 5 minutes of compression. Anticoagulant treatment is not in itself…

…JE, Gwyther R, Kirkman E. Closed chest compressions reduce survival in an animal model of haemorrhageinduced traumatic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2019; 140:37 42. Endo…

…Measure the waist between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin…

…ongoing compression therapy, and always in the event of new or increasing pain. Preparation and equipment Doppler for the ankle brachial index, blood pressure cuff…

…Continued bleeding despite compression and cautery (packing). Contraindications Cautery: Type Contraindication : : Absolute The source of bleeding cannot be identified Relative A pacemaker or ICD when…

…patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10 MHz, ultrasound gel, a blood pressure cuff of the correct size…

…to superior efficacy over monophasic devices. Electrode position (anterior posterior vs. antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation…

…lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus ventricular filling). This may even lead to compression of the ventricles during…

…up and the instructions decide whether the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment…

…myocardial contractility and heart rate. Coronary compression and a Venturi or “suction” effect have been proposed as mechanisms of inducible ischaemia. The functional impact depends…

…important indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear arthritis, as part of the diagnostic work up. Haemarthrosis after trauma. A symptomatic effusion causing pain or…

…4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 . The 3 phase model of sudden cardiac arrest…

…during active compressions is challenging; however, subcostal windows might be feasible, particularly during brief pauses. An enlargement of the right ventricle is suggestive of pulmonary…

…is available; in VF/VT only after the 3rd defibrillation 0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg of 0.1 mg/mL), maximum 1…

…possible. Airway management should not interrupt compressions for more than 5 seconds. The effect of cricoid pressure and gastric insufflation remains uncertain ( Panchal et al )…

…heart and kidneys may exert direct compressive effects and releases additional inflammatory and profibrotic mediators. Perinephric fat is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability…