…course at ecgwaves.com. This website provides a comprehensive learning ecosystem. It includes a complete ECG book, enriched with over 600 pages, engaging video lectures…

…CABG, or an initial medical strategy. In haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure…

Echocardiography The standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are…

…Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days…

Info The ECG shows AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR…

…the QRS complexes. The QRS complexes may be normal or wide. P waves have constant PP interval and ride straight through the strip, without any…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible…

…Such a thrombus can cause occlusion of the artery. The occlusion may be complete or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the…

…is the first line treatment and must be given early when anaphylaxis is suspected. Do not wait for a complete diagnosis or for grading. Antihistamines…

…with uncontrolled ventricular rates Acquired advanced or complete heart block Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with severe resting gradient Recent stroke or transient ischemic attack Mental impairment…

…5. With severe symptoms: give hypertonic saline immediately. Do not wait for a complete work up of the cause or for imaging. 6. Document the…

…the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel…

…within one hour in septic shock, or when sepsis is judged certain or highly likely. With possible sepsis without shock, a rapid targeted assessment is…

…necessary ECG skills required for clinical work. You must complete the ECG course in order to obtain your certificate. New ECG test will be added…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

…examples of naming of the QRS complex. Net direction of the QRS complex The QRS complex can be classified as net positive or net negative…

…A complete airway obstruction results in PEA and cardiac arrest within 8 minutes. Cardiac arrest as a result of asphyxia or hypoxia is managed according…

…Upon recognition of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical…

…to cardiogenic shock. Ventricular fibrillation or asystole may occur early due to the massive ischemia. Complete LMCA occlusion is typically fatal within minutes, hence its…

…QRS duration. A QRS duration of 120 ms (0.12 s) or more is required to diagnose a complete left bundle branch block . In addition…

…when time allows. There is complete upper airway obstruction where laryngoscopy will not succeed; plan for a surgical airway or awake fibreoptic intubation. A difficult…

…tuberculosis or malignancy. Tamponade is a clinical diagnosis supported by echocardiography: Finding Comment : : Hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds Beck's triad; complete in…

…newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk…

…the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without known…

…The complete physiological formulation considers coronary venous pressure: Distal coronary driving pressure: distal coronary pressure minus coronary venous pressure Normal coronary driving pressure: mean aortic…

…without myocardial pathology) [3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and V6 [3] ST T Waves Usually opposite in direction to the QRS complex…

…perceived or functional Predominant involvement of large proximal muscle groups Symptoms commonly begin within 4–6 weeks of starting treatment. They generally occur without a…

…a disorder of autonomic reflexes. It typically occurs after attaining an upright posture or following painful stimuli and emotional stress. By the age of 60…

…or apical window, is generally considered less effective than thoracotomy. This is because it does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or…

…occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery; blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed. Consequently, the myocardium supplied by the…

…if the QRS complexes are wide there is a risk of distal block which may progress to more advanced block (second or third degree AV…

…does not discharge spontaneous action potentials, at least not under normal circumstances. However, impulses are occasionally discharged in the atrioventricular node or by cells near…

…Premature ventricular contractions in bigeminy. Two consecutive premature ventricular contractions are referred to as a pair or couplet. If 3 to 30 premature ventricular contractions…

…to a complete and proximal artery occlusion and such occlusions must be managed with immediate PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Angiography). Transmural ischemia (infarction) without ST segment…

…the acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase. The chain of care…

…PEF or FEV1 if the patient can manage it without delaying treatment. 10. Call anaesthetics and intensive care early with life threatening features or an…

…count, electrolytes, creatinine, coagulation tests and troponin are taken in parallel but must not delay treatment in a patient without suspected coagulopathy or anticoagulant trea

…moment the spray starts. Let the tissue thaw completely between cycles — it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold…

…since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards. Indications Medicinal…

…passed. An attempt can convert a partial rupture into a complete one. Contact the urologist or the surgeon on call for urethrography and suprapubic drainage…

…an antiplatelet drug or nothing Preparation and equipment INR, full blood count, creatinine with eGFR and liver function tests before starting. A complete medication list…

…is present without anatomical or physiological criteria supporting revascularisation. Evaluation and Physical Examination Assessment should establish both clinical risk and the feasibility of complete revascularisation…

…Cardiogenic shock. Complete transection of a papillary muscle may cause immediately overwhelming MR. Partial rupture, often involving the tip or head of the muscle, more…

…for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. Prolonged QT duration predisposes…

…to the posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle. Anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle leads to left anterior fascicular block. Similarly…

…which result in secondary ST T changes. Such ST T changes may mimic (simulate) or mask ischemia. Simulation of ischemia manifests as ST segment elevations…

…the R wave and/or notch in the descending limb of the S wave In case of complete/incomplete bundle branch block or pacemaker rhythm…

…of impulses. Intense parasympathetic activity can result in a complete blockage of impulse conduction. If such blockage persists for 6 seconds or more, syncope occurs…

…When performing emergency echocardiography, or any examination without a proper examination table, it may be difficult to acquire images in the left lateral decubitus position…

…being followed by QRS complexes. This condition is further categorized into two distinct subtypes: type 1 (also known as Mobitz type 1 or Wenckebach block)…

…T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less completed. Post ischemic…

…cause these rhythms spread partially or entirely outside of the ventricular conduction system, and thus the ventricular depolarization is slow (yielding a wide QRS complex)…

…artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial load…

…artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial load…

…ms). Increasing the number of ultrasound lines or image depth will reduce the frame rate since more time is required to complete each frame. Thus…

…bronchospasm, marked salivation or increasing weakness, and give atropine. 8. Monitor for at least 30 minutes after the test has been completed. Alternatives when edrophonium…

…in the nose or the ear canal is an emergency, not a finding that can wait until the next day. Moisture completes a circuit across…

…given. Each infusion should be completed, even if the patient reverts to sinus rhythm. Th e infusion must be aborted if hypotension or bradycardia occurs…

…increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use…

…ECG, and normal initial troponin may be observed in a chest pain unit or another non intensive care setting while serial testing is completed. Diagnostic…