…Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea…

…the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your national or regional poison control centre for advice on the treatment threshold and on…

…the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss the case early with the poison control centre and with anaesthesia…

…withdrawal. Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA A receptor and are cross tolerant with alcohol. They therefore treat the central mechanism underlying withdrawal, unlike…

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

…is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular…

…a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute…

…Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate during…

…20% of atrial size 4 10 cm² or 20 40% of atrial size 10 cm² or 40% of atrial size Jet orientation central variable excentric…

…evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation, and possible reperfusion…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that…

…is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase and…

…more structured form of physical activity undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is a central component of cardiovascular prevention and treatment…

…of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke. In untreated AF, stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…electrocardiographic and haemodynamic monitoring with ECG, a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and…

…Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and platelets. Observational data from trauma suggest a lower…

…electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors…

…cardiac function and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure While systolic blood pressure (SBP) indicates the maximum pressure during heart contraction…

…and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of…

…of the right atrium. This circuit also relies on a central area of block, which encompasses both an anatomical barrier (the inferior vena cava) and…

…and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations The central…

…LDL C is central to the disease burden. In untreated HeFH, CAD commonly develops during the third or fourth decade in males and approximately 10…

…greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic abnormality…

…The pre test probability is central because the clinical value of any diagnostic test depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on…

…delivery. New onset postpartum preeclampsia is increasingly recognized as a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the postpartum period. Maternal and obstetric complications…

…or detection of prescribed drugs in blood or urine. The terms “controlled resistant hypertension,” referring to blood pressure controlled with four or more medications, and …

…ventricular systolic and pulse pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic…

…Electrocardiography (ECG) Electrocardiographic monitoring is central to the safe initiation and maintenance of sotalol therapy. The drug prolongs the QT interval and the PR interval…

…and treatment delays, and the time required for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems of…

…of deaths attributable to ventricular fibrillation occur during the first hour, making rapid recognition, defibrillation capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and…

…Exaggerated activation of a central reflex produces a stereotypic response: an initial increase in heart rate, followed by a drop in blood pressure, and finally…

…tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened QT interval. Attenuated T wave…

…Etiologies of tension pneumothorax include: Traumatic injuries (blunt force, lacerations, gunshot wounds) Asthmatic episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung…

…must perform maximally, without risking serious complications. The instructor may facilitate this by supporting and motivating the patient during the entire procedure. If the achieved…

…central principle to all hemodynamic calculations is the Doppler effect, which was discussed previously (see Doppler Effect and Doppler Echocardiography). Only a brief summary of…

…electrocardiographic and hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors…

…double blind study involving 192 patients with cardiogenic shock, researchers compared the effectiveness of milrinone and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality…

…stunning . This is a protective mechanism since the cessation of contractions leads to a marked reduction in cell metabolism and thus prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning…

…also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline…

…failure. A peripheral venous blood gas is easier to obtain and can often be used for an initial assessment of pH and the metabolic component…

…poisoning, withdrawal or several factors Inattention is central. A simple check is to ask the patient to recite the months of the year backwards. A…

…kg over 20–60 min Central access for a longer infusion Metoprolol 5 mg IV, repeated to a maximum of 15 mg 0.1 mg…

…the consensus documents of the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Use the table of contents to go…

…address the cause, assess renal function and the rate of rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6…

…neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock…

…alerts and standardised care processes can shorten the time to cultures, antibiotics, fluid and lactate measurement. A meta analysis of emergency department alert systems found…

…A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature…

…channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia…

…evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of…

…interpreting platelet function tests for HIT. Other cosiderations Based on a relationship observed in the PLATO study between the maintenance dose of ASA and the

…venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage. Sensory loss extending beyond the toes and…

…a central vein, the initial dose should be reduced. Dosage and Dose Escalation To terminate tachycardia, adenosine is rapidly injected intravenously at initial doses of…

…consequently central to diagnosis and long term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of…

…aldosterone system. In heart failure, the interaction between the cardiac and renal axes may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent…

…clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia, which may manifest through symptoms, ECG changes, or angiographic complications. Evaluation and Physical Examination The

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…therapy, with or without other lipid lowering treatment. The durability of the response is central to its clinical use. After the initial treatment phase, administration…