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Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia and asphyxia

…Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries might cause apnea…

Urinary alkalinisation

…the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your national or regional poison control centre for advice on the treatment threshold and on…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss the case early with the poison control centre and with anaesthesia…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…withdrawal. Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA A receptor and are cross tolerant with alcohol. They therefore treat the central mechanism underlying withdrawal, unlike…

Central venous catheter

…catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted peripheral venous access during prolonged intravenous therapy…

Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular…

Lipid-Lowering Therapy: Statins as First-Line Treatment

…a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate during…

🟠 Mitral valve

…20% of atrial size 4 10 cm² or 20 40% of atrial size 10 cm² or 40% of atrial size Jet orientation central variable excentric…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation, and possible reperfusion…

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