…know by heart is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or…

…Indications Peripheral venous cannula: Intravenous drug treatment, fluid or blood products. Contrast medium for CT (this requires a large bore cannula in a suitable vein…

…tubing and a collection container. Sample tubes: an EDTA tube for the cell count, a serum tube for albumin, protein and LDH, and two blood…

…and baseline values An arterial blood gas is the reference method when the question concerns oxygenation, precise ventilation or severe respiratory failure. A peripheral venous…

…and preferably confirmation by home measurement or 24 hour recording — the thresholds for which are lower than for office measurement. Classification of office blood pressure…

…it is used : : : Blood grouping ABO and RhD typing. Requires two samples drawn on two separate occasions with a separate identity check each time Always…

…baseline blood pressure is not markedly elevated. These apparent J shaped associations are considered unreliable for guiding treatment because of potential confounding, reverse causality, and…

…are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or adapt in atrial fibrillation with a rapid and irregular ventricular rate (oscillometric measurement becomes unreliable), lymphoedema or a dialysis…

…With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course, an arterial line should be considered. The blood pressure must not be dismissed as caused merely by…

…rate response Blood pressure reaction ECG reaction: ST changes, T wave changes, arrhythmias, conduction defects Cause of termination This article will discuss each of these…

…exposure. It is metabolically inert and diffuses freely across cell membranes, allowing for precise quantification of myocardial blood flow and assessment of coronary flow reserve…

…and regadenoson create blood flow disparities between healthy and diseased coronary arteries, allowing ischemia to be detected during imaging. Exercise is the preferred method for…

…lead to misclassification. Blood pressure should be measured with a validated and calibrated device using a consistent method for the individual patient. The recommended procedure…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology A hypertensive emergency is severe blood pressure elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European…

…Screening for primary aldosteronism with renin and aldosterone measurements should be considered in all adults with confirmed hypertension, defined in the cited recommendation as blood…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…

…pressure) and LAP (left atrial pressure). The left ventricle compensates by increasing cardiac output (CO); this is achieved by increasing heart rate and producing larger…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…the Doppler effect is provided here. The Doppler effect is used to assess the velocity and direction of blood flow. This is possible because sound…

…ECG with continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in the room. Staff with current…

…the ECG and targeted concentration measurements carry more weight. Where serious poisoning is suspected, blood and urine can be saved early for later targeted analysis…

…hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP…

…hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s…

…or both. Consequently, relatively small increases in venous return can produce disproportionate increases in left ventricular and left atrial pressure. At rest, filling pressures may…

…metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of cardiometabolic abnormalities centred on abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose…

…blood pressure measurement; White coat hypertension; Poor adherence or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and…

…and the patient. Multiple potentially high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often systemic rather than confined…

…on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also be used to study myocardial motion. Myocardial motion during systole and diastole alter the…

…percent No risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia…

…reference for emergency physicians in suspected acute ischaemic stroke. It covers time windows, indications and contraindications for intravenous thrombolysis, weight based tenecteplase dosing, blood pressure…

…and criteria for intermediate care or intensive care. Time course after the last intake The times given are approximate. Symptoms can begin before the blood…

…Agent Standard dose in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two…

…allows frequent blood pressure measurement and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often appropriate when very rapid or precise control is required, for example in…

…venous catheter. 4. Take samples for blood grouping and cross matching before transfusion if this can be done without delay. 5. Start active warming and…

…direct evidence for exactly one hour in neutropenic fever is limited, but delayed antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several…

…pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial…

…2 adrenoceptors in the ventromedial and rostral ventrolateral areas of the medulla result in the blood pressure lowering effect. Effects Potent blood pressure lowering effect…

…Enalaprilat lowers blood pressure by inhibiting ACE. Effects • The hypotensive effect of enalaprilat depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

…receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time…

…is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure …

…of the average arterial pressure and is a better indicator of organ perfusion. In clinical settings, MAP is often preferred over SBP for the following…

…blocker. Effects Lowers blood pressure, reduces heart rate, myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial contractility. Less pronounced blood pressure lowering effect than esmolol and labetalol. Time…

…arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed available blood flow. The resulting ischaemia threatens skeletal muscle and…

…short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or low arterial oxygen saturation Syncope These findings may occur…

…and after each adjustment. Persistent symptoms despite appropriately titrated medical therapy should prompt consideration of coronary angiography and possible revascularization. Revascularization may be selected for…

…Other symptoms depend on the extent of reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure and may include: Chest discomfort Fatigue Weakness Presyncope or syncope Exercise…

…involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may produce a transient mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply…

…disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A cause is something completely different. It took roughly 50 years for researchers…

…right atrial and right ventricular pressures with systemic congestion. Interventricular dependence may impair left ventricular filling and reduce systemic output. In this setting, venous congestion…

…for appropriately selected patients. Pathophysiological basis Exercise progressively increases myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure. When coronary blood…

…improved blood pressure control and adherence, although prospective outcome trials have not directly established that upfront combination therapy is superior to upfront monotherapy for every…

…Type I: originates in the ascending aorta and extends through the arch, usually into the descending aorta. Type II: is confined to the ascending aorta…

…For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure…

…coined in 1858 by Virchow (the same Virchow who unraveled thrombosis). He used te term to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and…

…tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is a radionuclide based method for assessing regional myocardial blood flow, inducible ischaemia, myocardial scar, ventricular function, and…

…considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The classic appearance and usually readily recognized Type 2 Long…

…myocardial ischaemia. The immediate therapeutic objective is restoration of coronary blood flow to the infarct zone, thereby limiting infarct size and preserving myocardial function. The…