…G Green 90–100 mL/min Blood transfusion, contrast medium 20 G Pink 55–65 mL/min The standard for most adults 22 G Blue…

…test) Blood group confirmation and antibody screening. If the screen is negative, a unit is selected electronically against the blood group Standard for planned transfusion…

…transfusion requirement while definitive control of the bleeding has not yet been achieved. Penetrating torso injury with shock. A positive FAST scan in an unstable…

…surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access. Radial access has also been associated with lower overall major adverse cardiac events and mortality in pooled…

…of blood flowing through the coronary arteries per unit of time. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) quantifies the capacity of coronary arteries to augment blood flow…

…Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable…

…based on the whole course, not on a single eGFR. Step 1: confirm the course and assess severity Establish the baseline Look for previous creatinine…

…dose, time of the bolus and the blood pressure before administration. 12. Prepare for the monitoring and management of intracranial haemorrhage and angioedema. First of…

…For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains…

…risk of hypercapnia and a normal blood gas Usually 94 to 98 percent An individually documented target prescription, for example in chronic hypercapnia Follow the…

…that these parameters are highly interdependent and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary…

…Rostock filter or an equivalent amplifier unit between the electrode and the ECG machine. Lidocaine spray for the pharynx and lidocaine gel for the electrode…

…For vaccination: adrenaline 1 mg/mL, an antihistamine, oxygen, and the ability to lay the patient down. Injection Needle Angle Maximum volume per site : : : : Deltoid…

…choice of lesion the critical point: never freeze anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time per cycle Number of cycles Margin : :…

…an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature management early…

…Conversely, a rapid rise in blood pressure from a previously low level can cause organ damage at lower values, for example in pregnancy, acute glomerular…

…Ageing is associated with progressive increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), while diastolic blood pressure (DBP) rises less steeply and may remain stable or decline…

…while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately, but never let sampling, imaging, the blood count or contact…

…Where serious poisoning is suspected, blood and urine can be saved early for later targeted analysis. Initial monitoring and investigations Investigation Comment : : Plasma glucose Taken…

…fatalities resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD). 1 While BMI remains the most widely utilized metric for assessing weight, its clinical utility is frequently limited by…

…propofol, or etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators …

…support is followed while the hyperkalaemia is treated. Calcium chloride is then usually the first choice, since it provides more elemental calcium per millilitre and…

…and Intensity For adults, the principal preventive target is: 150–300 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic activity; or 75–150 minutes per week…

…equally compromised, leading to uniform perfusion that may appear deceptively normal on SPECT. Detecting multivessel disease requires quantification of absolute coronary blood flow. This is…

…be initiated concurrently. In patients with a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…while a distinct evidence base has emerged for coronary microvascular and vasospastic disease using coronary flow reserve (CFR) and the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR…

…a risk based approach because cardiovascular benefit from blood pressure reduction may also occur in selected people whose pressure is elevated but below the conventional…

…not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and genetics, while the biopsy shows marrow architecture and cellularity…

…because it can increase blood pressure and may affect interpretation of the clinical picture. A 24 hour urine collection for electrolytes can be used to…

…capacity, while risk factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and…

…With blood ketones ≥ 3 mmol/L and acidosis, the ketosis must be treated immediately with DKA dose insulin, while the osmolality is corrected cautiously [1…

…limiting adrenergic stimulation. When prescribed for antianginal purposes in CCS, the target resting heart rate is generally 55–60 beats per minute. Beta blockers also…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…individuals whose LVEF has improved from below 40% or has declined from at least 50%. This distinction is clinically important because the strongest evidence for…

…risk factors for CKD and CVD. Hypertension and renal disease are bidirectionally related: hypertension accelerates CKD progression, while impaired renal function further increases blood pressure…

…predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease after accounting for age. Chronotropic response, blood pressure behaviour and the development of arrhythmias provide additional information…

…failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless filling pressures are elevated…

…patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography, while approximately 25% of these patients have documented ischaemia. Among patients referred for invasive angiography, ANOCA/INOCA is more frequent…

…and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic blood pressure While systolic blood pressure (SBP) indicates the maximum pressure during heart contraction, it does…

…while ventilation, circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated withdrawal varies between regions and units. Follow the local protocol for choice…

…For example, a patient with acute graft occlusion may report an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while…

…and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and…

…arrest. For unwitnessed cardiac arrests under these conditions, the survival rate upon hospital arrival has been recorded at 27%, while for witnessed cardiac arrests, the…

…notably tissue factor and collagen, to the circulating blood [3] . Plaque Erosion: Responsible for up to 30% of ACS cases, plaque erosion is increasingly recognized…

…from the flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and non linearly, often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for sudden…

…and equipment Ultrasound with a sector probe (the same probe as for echocardiography) and a sterile probe cover. Continuous ECG, blood pressure and saturation monitoring…

…and/or the coronary microcirculation. These abnormalities may produce a transient mismatch between myocardial oxygen demand and coronary blood supply, resulting in myocardial hypoperfusion or…

…chambers, blood pool, and vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD)…

…therapy. The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction injury involves the overlapping of vulnerable plaque and thrombogenic blood, which are critical determinants for infarction occurrence and extension…

…increases. This results in increased left ventricular load, while simultaneously affecting systemic perfusion. Aortic stenosis is a serious condition with poor long term outcomes. Patients…

…of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions. While ETCO 2 is optimally measured in tracheal tubes, it can also…

…Rest Imaging : Conducted after a predefined interval to allow for radiotracer clearance or with a different radiotracer to capture myocardial blood flow under baseline conditions…

…obtained during the examination. Measurement techniques Measuring dimensions Chamber dimensions constitute key parameters of most echocardiographic examinations. For example, left ventricular size, measured as its…

…While commotio cordis is caused by trauma to the chest, it is managed as a non traumatic cardiac arrest (i.e. standard CPR, as per…

…fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction and heart failure. Compared with patients with primary hypertension matched for age, sex and blood pressure, affected patients have more frequent stroke…

…The need for central access is not in itself an indication for emergency insertion in an unstable situation: intraosseous access or a large bore peripheral…

…across the aortic valve. Trace the Doppler profile to calculate the AV VTI, representing the distance blood travels during systole. 3. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract…

…CKD). These agents interfere with the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II…

…hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output…