…interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off…

Echocardiography Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied…

…represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology…

…by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic information regarding cardiovascular risk. Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification…

…a precisely regulated electrical shock to terminate a tachyarrhythmia, and it encompasses both synchronized cardioversion and defibrillation ; the key distinction is timing relative to the…

…as a valuable tool for detecting and assessing the severity of electrolyte disturbances, particularly before laboratory results are available. Notably: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can…

…arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia fulfill all criteria for sinus rhythm except from the fact…

…of reversible causes, continuing staging, and treatment directed at both the cause and the severity [1]. Three questions must be answered immediately: 1. Is there…

…cardiac arrest. Repeated blood gases, for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…

…for very serious poisonings in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both…

…which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with the right landmark and the right needle length. Indications Route Typical drugs Absorption :…

…haemodynamics. Most agents exert both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). What follows is a quick reference for their use in the emergency department, the…

…outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g., age…

…2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis. It is believed that the virus was transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan, China…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD events…

…is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and increasing age are common risk factors for CKD and CVD…

…and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments. Heart failure is defined physiologically by the inability…

…be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive drug therapy. For grade 1 hypertension, pharmacological treatment has…

…radionuclide based method for assessing regional myocardial blood flow, inducible ischaemia, myocardial scar, ventricular function, and, in selected circumstances, myocardial viability. Both techniques rely on…

…adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine that functions as an agonist of both beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors, with variable effects on…

…team, including an interventional cardiologist and cardiac surgeon, is recommended when both revascularization strategies are feasible, particularly in complex multivessel or left main disease. Clinical…

…and severe bradycardia. Patients should be monitored for arrhythmias and QT prolongation with each dose adjustment, typically waiting 2 to 3 days to attain a…

…syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as…

…discussed, all cardiac cells—both conduction and contractile cells—must undergo rapid repolarization to ensure they are excitable when the next action potential occurs. If…

…of enlargement, namely hypertrophy and dilatation. Both hypertrophy and enlargement may reduce atrial and ventricular function as well as predispose to significant arrhythmias. Typically, atrial…

…minute can be converted to Watts (1 kilopond meter per minute = 0.1634 Watts). Protocols for clinical exercise testing generally include an initial warm…

…chapters (see The 3 Phase Model of Cardiac Arrest). Both chest compressions and defibrillation are paramount in restoring cardiac electrical activity, hence rhythm and contractility…

…outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use in the CCU (coronary care unit), ICU…

…cardiovascular disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for the prediction of heart failure, coronary artery…

…hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both North American and European guidelines. However, a…

…for example aphasia, hemianopia or hand paresis in a person of working age Blood pressure Measure initially in both arms if this does not delay…

…patient may therefore have both an acidosis and an alkalosis at the same time despite a normal pH. The lungs compensate for a primary metabolic…

…or ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140 and < 90 Thresholds for different measurement methods Measurement technique Faulty measurement technique is the most common cause of…

…still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine is the standard site for both aspiration and…

…for what happens when the first attempt fails. Desaturation and unrecognised oesophageal intubation are the two mechanisms that kill patients during airway management , and both…

…0.5 or toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute…

…C = 10–15. MELD Na is used for transplant prioritisation; both are available among the calculators. Fibrosis markers Index Calculation Interpretation : : : FIB 4 (age…

…reduced G5 < 15 Kidney failure Albuminuria Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR…

…demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to both HEMORR₂HAGES and ATRIA. The HAS BLED score had the highest net reclassification improvement for predicting clinically relevant bleeding…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…10% of cases. Intermediate high risk PE occurs in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk…

…doses, averaging approximately 0.5 mg/L (0.5 µg/mL) for each 100 mg/day at doses between 100 and 600 mg/day. Therapeutic…

… both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm. Several mechanisms may account for apparent ischaemic electrocardiographic changes…

…Both arrhythmias are associated with similar clinical settings and frequently coexist in the same patient population. AF can act as a trigger for atrial flutter…

…Gender encompasses sociocultural roles, behaviours, relationships, power structures and social expectations. Both influence the prevalence, manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease…

…risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore address both cerebrovascular risk and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease…

…Agatston score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same…

…dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that…

…ACS , whether managed medically or with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS , particularly after stent implantation. In both situations, DAPT is generally a temporary strategy…

…make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not…

…not a disease specific marker of myocardial infarction (MI). MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with…

…in both acute and ambulatory presentations, but the appropriate thresholds differ substantially according to the clinical setting. Values obtained in the emergency department for acute…

…repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The amount and distribution of both viable and nonviable myocardium, together with coronary anatomy and the feasibility…

…50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex arteries may constitute a functional equivalent of left main disease…

…Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days…

…exercise volumes; therefore, prevention strategies should address both increasing activity and reducing time spent sitting. The relationship between activity and cardiovascular benefit is curvilinear. The…