…interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off…

Echocardiography Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied…

…represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology…

…by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic information regarding cardiovascular risk. Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification…

…a precisely regulated electrical shock to terminate a tachyarrhythmia, and it encompasses both synchronized cardioversion and defibrillation ; the key distinction is timing relative to the…

…as a valuable tool for detecting and assessing the severity of electrolyte disturbances, particularly before laboratory results are available. Notably: Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can…

…arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia fulfill all criteria for sinus rhythm except from the fact…

…of reversible causes, continuing staging, and treatment directed at both the cause and the severity [1]. Three questions must be answered immediately: 1. Is there…

…cardiac arrest. Repeated blood gases, for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…