…arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial…

…oestrogen exposure. Emotional or chronic mental stress. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), which may produce arterial wall abnormalities and intramural haematomas. Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan…

Procedurer An arterial line is easy to insert and easy to trust too much. Two errors make the reading useless without anyone noticing: the transducer…

…maximum arterial pulsatile pressure during systole. With auscultatory measurement, it corresponds to the appearance of the first Korotkoff sound. Diastolic blood pressure: the minimum arterial…

…the cardiac cycle. MAP offers a more accurate representation of the average arterial pressure and is a better indicator of organ perfusion. In clinical settings…

…of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of the heart, as follows:…

Kardiologi Intensivvård Lathundar Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and raise the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with…

Info Inotropes and vasopressors Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist…

Cardiology Inotropes and vasopressors Vasopressors induce vasoconstriction and increase mean arterial pressure (MAP). Inotropes increase cardiac contractile force (contractility). Several endogenous and synthetic agents exist…

Procedurer The ankle brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to…

…The earliest visible lesion is the fatty streak, produced by the accumulation of lipid and inflammatory cells within the arterial intima. Monocytes enter the intima…

…occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible mechanisms include microvascular obstruction…

…Definition and pathophysiology A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage…

…progressive, and highly complex lipid driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima that serves as the fundamental pathophysiological substrate for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), including…

…resistance and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate SVR = 80 × (MAP…

…or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary occlusion…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…recurrent narrowing within a previously implanted coronary stent. It represents a form of arterial hyperplastic disease arising after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In contemporary practice…

…stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque…

…etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as…

…intrathoracic pressure by compressing, decompressing and ventilating. These maneuvers result in arterial blood flowing through the pulmonary, coronary and cerebral circulation, as well as allowing…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

…Indications Hypoxaemia: a saturation below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas. Acute critical illness during initial stabilisation —…

…peripheral cannulae. Consider an arterial line if the patient is unstable or frequent blood gases are needed 3 Blood grouping and cross matching. Order red…

…INR target ranges Indication Target range Comment : : : Atrial fibrillation 2.0–3.0 The time in therapeutic range (TTR) should exceed 70 % Venous thromboembolism 2…

…effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling…

…effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling…

…converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial blood pressure (ABP) drops at the onset of TdP. ECG by Nakstad et al (Scand…

…kidney disease, ACE inhibitors slow the rate of decline of kidney function in a manner that extends beyond the reduction of systemic arterial pressure. This…

…disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. This initiates inflammatory…

…Other symptoms depend on the extent of reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure and may include: Chest discomfort Fatigue Weakness Presyncope or syncope Exercise…

…pathways, including: Coronary arteritis Accelerated atherosclerosis Coronary microvascular dysfunction Pericarditis Myocarditis Valvular disease APS and Behçet disease can cause both arterial and venous thrombosis. In…

…renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other…

…heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected…

…insulin resistance are associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly in peripheral arterial disease. The relationship between triglyceride concentrations and aortic disease is less clearly…

…support a causal relationship between Lp(a) associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic stroke…

…incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, depression, dementia and osteoporosis. It also improves functional capacity…

…may become markedly depressed. Right sided filling pressures—including central venous, right atrial, and right ventricular end diastolic pressures—are elevated, whereas left ventricular filling…

…aorta. During a cardiac arrest, the venous and arterial pressures are substantially reduced, potentially leading to complete obstruction of venous return by the uterus. This…

…a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) above 65 mmHg, consider the initiation of vasopressor…

…the circulation. ECMO use during cardiac arrest (referred to as ECPR [extracorporeal CPR] ) requires the immediate establishment of veno arterial ECMO (VA ECMO) . A peripheral…

…effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Clevidipine does not reduce cardiac filling…

…definitions of cardiac planes, ventricular segments, and coronary arterial territories evolved differently. This resulted in difficulties when comparing examinations in clinical practice and research. Therefore…

…administration of norepinephrine. All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line, PiCCO, central venous catheter…

…all individuals. Figure 2. Coronary arteries in a right dominant system. Bundle branch blocks Bundle branch blocks may be caused by ischemia/infarction. A new…

…or when an accurate PaCO₂ is needed, an arterial blood gas should be considered. Do not wait for the blood gas result before starting treatment…

…expected range of compensation. Sample type and baseline values An arterial blood gas is the reference method when the question concerns oxygenation, precise ventilation or…

…thrombosis with prolonged dwell time Highest risk of pneumothorax, the vessel cannot be compressed after arterial puncture, technically more difficult with ultrasound Femoral vein Fastest…

…with poor circulation, above all the lower leg in a patient with peripheral arterial disease or diabetes — the wound may not heal. Over superficial nerves…

…pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of…

…blood pressure measurement and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often appropriate when very rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic…

…With titratable intravenous treatment and an unstable course, an arterial line should be considered. The blood pressure must not be dismissed as caused merely by…

…room temperature, a fan, paracetamol, cold infusions. A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and…

…the cable, not through the pads. A pulse oximeter, a blood pressure cuff, and an arterial line for prolonged pacing. Venous access, oxygen, suction, airway…