…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…ventricular fibrillation (VF). Clinical presentation Confusion Abdominal pain Hypotension Arrhythmias and ECG changes Cardiac arrest Treatment Furosemide 1 mg/kg IV. Hydrocortisone 300 mg IV…

…by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine). In the event of a cardiac arrest in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist…

CPR Sepsis induced cardiac arrest Sepsis is a life threatening condition characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting…

…Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest. The classification of hyperthermia is delineated in…

…both cardiopulmonary function and alertness. Cardiac arrest is unlikely to occur when body temperature remains above 28° C (82.4° F), while temperatures below 24°…

…and drug toxicity In adolescents and young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications…

…vagal tone. In all other situations, sinus arrest/pause should be considered abnormal, and the following differential diagnoses are at hand: Sinus node dysfunction. Side…

CPR Cardiac arrest is a result of tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia or asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include…

CPR In cardiac arrest, constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain…

…bedside echocardiography. This reveals pericardial fluid, suggesting hemorrhage in the context of cardiac arrest cases. Highly echogenic fluid indicates that the blood has coagulated, making…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…In the United States, more than 500,000 individuals (adults and children) experience a cardiac arrest (Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics). The CARES registry reported…

…the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all sudden cardiac arrests occur outside hospitals, the chain of care includes laymen…

CPR Predicting sudden cardiac arrest The purpose of discovering and measuring risk factors is to obtain estimates of risk, tailor management according to the risk…

…contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac death) : Death resulting from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Cardiovascular collapse : Sudden cessation of tissue…

…of cases. Potentially reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest ( Salomone et al ): Hypovolemia : Hypovolemic shock is common in both penetrating and blunt force trauma. Loss…

CPR Bedside echocardiography in cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac arrest, focused echocardiography entails a swift evaluation of ventricular contractions and the status of…

…°C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever after cardiac arrest is harmful…

…indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is primarily developed for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), it can be used in any setting until advanced cardiac…

CPR Neurons are exceptionally vulnerable to hypoxia and anoxia ( Casas et al ). In cardiac arrest without chest compressions (i.e. if cerebral perfusion ceases), irreversible…

CPR The course from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) to death follows a pathophysiological process that affects the effectiveness of the interventions. Numerous studies demonstrate that…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate blood flow or ineffective compressions. While ETCO 2 is optimally measured in tracheal tubes, it…

…ECG Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and sudden cardiac arrest This chapter will focus on ventricular fibrillation and pulseless electrical activity (PEA). These are…

CPR Post resuscitation care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive…

CPR Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) and ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) Survival after cardiac arrest depends on the restoration of spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of…

…mmHg for 15 minutes, or a need for a vasopressor), obstructive shock or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right…

…acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from symptom free presentation to persistent chest discomfort, cardiac arrest, electrical or haemodynamic instability, and cardiogenic shock…

…peculiar ECG and the patients experience syncope, life threatening ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, or even sudden cardiac death. The Brugada brothers also noted that the…

…and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest is high and pharmacological interventions are frequently futile. It is often necessary…

…and, in the most severe cases, hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and minimise physical exertion…

…must be kept within narrow limits: aortic dissection, intracerebral haemorrhage, after cardiac arrest. Repeated blood gases, for example during mechanical ventilation or severe metabolic derangement…

…where intubation has been judged not to be appropriate. Contraindications Respiratory arrest, agonal breathing or cardiac arrest — intubate. Inability to protect the airway: a reduced…

…where needed, four vessel angiography Indirect criteria after circulatory arrest, following a five minute no touch period The circulation at retrieval Maintained up to retrieval…

…and Opioid therapy in severe pain. Cardiac arrest Drug Adult Child : : : Adrenaline 1 mg IV/IO every 3–5 min. In asystole and PEA as…

…in lead II. Causes of bradyarrhythmia: sinus bradycardia, SA block, sinus arrest, sick sinus syndrome, second degree or third degree AV block. An escape rhythm…

…a secured airway — transfer, heavy sedation, surgery — and cardiac arrest. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in the emergency situation. Consider alternatives when: Intubation is…

…in treatment failure or in ongoing massive potassium release. In cardiac arrest with suspected hyperkalaemia, advanced life support is followed while the hyperkalaemia is treated…

…ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway in cardiac arrest when the person ventilating is not experienced in intubation. Planned anaesthesia for short procedures…

…below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas. Acute critical illness during initial stabilisation — cardiac arrest, shock, sepsis…

…vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access is not immediately available. Shock, severe trauma…

…second degree AV block Mobitz type 2. Marked sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest, sick sinus syndrome with long pauses. Bradycardia in poisoning with a beta blocker…

…contingent upon the specific mutation present. For patients at elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker…

…contingent upon the specific mutation present. For patients at elevated risk—such as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker…

…L A PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE PENICILLIN G BENZATHINE Arrhythmia ar less Cardiac arrest severe INVEGA HAFYERA PALIPERIDONE PALMITATE paliperidone palmitate Arrhythmia wp most QT Prolongation…

…benzodiazepine) is considered. IIa C Cardiac arrest Management Recommendation Level of evidence Urgent angiography is indicated in patients exhibiting ST segment elevation. I B TTM…

…PR interval is constant. Causes of bradycardia : sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial block, sinoatrial arrest/inhibition, second degree AV block, third degree AV block. Note that escape…

…the deep learning model. Predicting sudden cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains one of the most intractable challenges in clinical cardiology. Hundreds of thousands…

…al . Brugada syndrome was identified in the early 1990s and early repolarization was identified as a risk factor for sudden cardiac arrest in 2008 (1…