…ventilation, followed by defibrillation Metabolic phase 10 minutes Unknown Table 1 . The 3 phase model of sudden cardiac arrest. According to Weisfeldt et al (2002) …

…QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional…

…QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional…

… history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF…

…is synonymous with AV dissociation, complete AV block, AV block III and AV block 3. In third degree AV block, no atrial impulses are conducted…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Statins inhibit 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Reduced hepatic cholesterol…

Echocardiography Aortic stenosis The aortic valve area is normally 3.0 to 4.0 cm 2 . Aortic stenosis is a progressive disease that leads to…

…official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894 7317(03)00335 3. 2. Zoghbi, William A.…

…AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical history (with emphasis on causes of AV blocks; please…

…rhythm interrupted by polymorphic VT. ECG 2 . Polymorphic VT. ECG 3 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular…

…relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio 1–2…

…mortality 0 0,8% 1 1,6% 2 2,2% 3 4,4% 4 7,3% 5 12,4% 6 16,1% 7 23,4…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located…

…pathophysiology Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by abnormalities of renal structure or function that persist for more than 3 months and have health implications…

…tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats (VT). ECG 4…

…polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous termination of the ventricular tachycardia. ECG 4 . Recurrence and spontaneous termination of ventricular…

…and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = diastolic + (systolic − diastolic)/3 Cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate SVR = 80 × (MAP − CVP…

…curves and a prostate that can grip; the female urethra is only 3–5 cm and almost straight, but the meatus can be hard to…

…7 3.0–4.0 4.1–4.6 4.7–5.2 5.2 LA diameter/BSA, cm/m2 1.5–2.3 2…

…or no thickening (<10%) 3 Dyskinesia Paradoxical thinning and/or outward directed motion during systole 4 Aneurysmatic Diastolic deformation 5 Recommended by the American Society…

…MAP is often estimated using the formula: MAP ≈ Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) + 1/3 × (Systolic Blood Pressure [SBP] – DBP) This formula accounts for the longer…

…V6 (mm) 0–12 (5) 0.1–12 (5) 0.5–12 (5) 3–17 (8) 5–22 (12) 6–23 (14) 6–23 (13)…

…official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 16 (7), pp. 777–802. DOI: 10.1016/S0894 7317(03)00335 3. 2. Zoghbi, William A.…

…Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm…

…first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose, plasma concentrations peak within 3 to 6 hours. The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as…

…Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older than 65 years presenting with heart failure and increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness [3…

…C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary prevention. Statins inhibit hepatic 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis…

…persistent obstruction of the treated epicardial segment. The phenomenon occurs in approximately 2%–3% of PCI procedures overall. It is particularly associated with intervention on…

…It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery…

…dividing the plane into 12 segments, each subtending 30 degrees [3]. The amplitude of the waveform recorded in any given lead correlates directly with the…

…circulatory standstill and the underlying cause, as elaborated in earlier chapters (see The 3 Phase Model of Cardiac Arrest). Both chest compressions and defibrillation are…

…cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion [3] . Within…

…V6 (mm) 0–12 (5) 0.1–12 (5) 0.5–12 (5) 3–17 (8) 5–22 (12) 6–23 (14) 6–23 (13)…

…The VT terminates spontaneously after a few beats, and reoccurs again. ECG 2 . Ventricular flutter. ECG 3 . Ventricular flutter. ECG 4 . Ventricular flutter. ECG 5 …

…1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . VT progressing to ventricular fibrillation. ECG 3 . Ventricular fibrillation, coarse (large amplitudes). ECG 4 …

…as ECG 1, likely presenting a supraventricular rhythm. Three short bursts of ventricular tachycardia occur. ECG 3. Repeated bursts of VT. ECG 4. There are…

…diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]. This quick reference gives internationally established doses. Drug availability…

…with a target of 88 to 92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise…

…to urine flow? 2. Is the patient hypovolaemic, adequately filled or fluid overloaded? 3. Is there, or is there approaching, an indication for dialysis? AKI…

…patient up and minimise physical exertion. 2. Attach continuous pulse oximetry and an ECG. 3. Give oxygen in hypoxaemia. 4. Start an inhaled short acting…

…is given as a bolus [1,2]. In a meta analysis of three phase 3 trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to…

…half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination is therefore not sufficient to exclude stroke [3]. Step 1: classify by time…

…clinical effect. 2. Parenteral thiamine early , preferably before or at the same time as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens, infection, trauma…

…fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are uncommon when the correct dose is given intramuscularly [2,3]. When should anaphylaxis be suspected?…

…<15 : : : : : : Benzylpenicillin 1 3 g three times daily 1 3 g three times daily 1 3 g three times daily 1 3 g twice daily…

…target INR 2.0 3.0 A mechanical valve may require a higher target Doses in venous thromboembolism Treatment doses in deep vein thrombosis and…

…a high HCO₃ suggests metabolic alkalosis. A high pH with a low pCO₂ suggests respiratory alkalosis 3 Is the compensation adequate? Calculate the expected pCO₂…

…159 and/or 90–99 Grade 2 hypertension 160–179 and/or 100–109 Grade 3 hypertension ≥ 180 and/or ≥ 110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥ 140…

…the eGFR stages and albuminuria. Inflammation and infection Test Reference Comment : : : CRP < 3 mg/L Rises within 6–8 h, half life about 19…

…the lesion — it will disappear, and the documentation is all that remains. 3. Pare down any hyperkeratosis with a scalpel; nitrogen does not penetrate thick…

…and increased mortality [3,4]. Do this first 1. Assess vital signs and level of consciousness immediately. 2. Check oxygen saturation and capillary glucose. 3…

…pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of…

…and Opioid therapy in severe pain. Cardiac arrest Drug Adult Child : : : Adrenaline 1 mg IV/IO every 3–5 min. In asystole and PEA as…

…4 ± 1.4 15.5 ± 1.5 50–59 15.7 ± 1.3 14.1 ± 1.5 18.0 ± 1.4 16.2 ± 1.6…

…half of ocular myasthenia, thereafter MuSK and LRP4 antibodies) and on neurophysiology (repetitive nerve stimulation with a decrement ≥ 10 % at 3 Hz, sensitivity about 75…

…IV Exacerbation of COPD with an indication for antibiotics amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or doxycycline 200 mg × 1 on day 1…

…obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (2 points), reduced neck mobility (1 point), mouth opening under 3 cm (1 point), coma (1 point), severe hypoxaemia below 80 % …

…are ECG changes, circulatory compromise or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4…

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

…coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The term hypertensive urgency is best avoided…