Clinical tools
Adjusted aortic root dimension
Last Updated: 2025-02-02Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology. Age-stratified formulas...
Aorta, aortic stenosis (AS), aortic regurgitation (AR)
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Aortic dimensions using 2D echocardiography Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA). Standardized values for aorta (mean ± SD) Aortic annulus Sinus...
Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography
Last Updated: 2025-02-02Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography: A Guide to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify...
Left and right atrium
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Reference values for atrial size and volume Women Men Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal...
Left ventricular diastolic function
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Diastolic function Criteria Normal, young Normal, adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade...
Left ventricular dimension and systolic function
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically >30% thickening from end-diastole to end-systole)....
Mitral valve
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3-0,69 > 0,69 EROA (cm²) < 0,20 0,20-0,39...
Pulmonary valve
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Pulmonary valve regurgitation Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Pulmonary valve morphology normal normal/abnormal abnormal Density CW-Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep deceleration,...
Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery pressure
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1),...
Tricuspid valve
Last Updated: 2025-01-18Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6-0,9 > 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined <...
