…compressions. For traumatic tamponades, thoracotomy remains the primary therapeutic intervention. Ideally, it should be performed within 15 minutes of the onset of collapse. Pericardiocentesis , performed…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

Procedurer Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is an antiplatelet drug that irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase and thereby suppresses thromboxane A2 synthesis…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial…

…The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of beta blockers in selected patients…

…variable rather than a therapeutic objective. LDL C as the primary treatment target Current lipid management frameworks place LDL C at the centre of treatment…

…exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options. It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of…

…with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…

…equivalent electrocardiographic pattern in a patient with symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. The immediate therapeutic objective is restoration of coronary blood flow to the infarct zone…

…and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications…

…on practical diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, with recommendations aligned with current guidelines from both the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC…

…pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft…

…of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and in assessment before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of…

…unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial activity. The investigation is diagnostic, not therapeutic…

…sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is…

…Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is…

…calc_timi_nstemi] TIMI SCORE 30 days mortality 30 days acute MI Probability of revascularization 0 1 1,2% 2,3% 1,2% 2 1…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility, cognition, independence, functional capacity, and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is…

…therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of…

…considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal extent and timing of intervention depend on…

…investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This balance forms part of shared clinical decision making…

…portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction…

…clearance of circulating LDL cholesterol (LDL C). Increased PCSK9 activity therefore contributes to higher LDL C concentrations. The genetic evidence provides the rationale for therapeutic…

…a threshold of ≤15 mmHg remains the recommended criterion for precapillary PH, partly because this value has been used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial…

…number of cigarettes smoked does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm. Complete cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of…

…Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) emerges as the sole therapeutic alternative for such situations. Presently…

…Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is…

…Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response. Exercise testing can be used to evaluate the effect of medications or interventions such as PCI…

…to elective cardioversion. It does not apply in haemodynamic instability. Digitalis toxicity — a risk of refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Therapeutic digoxin levels, by contrast, are no…

5 Year Risk of Life Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias [calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which…

…arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the likelihood of arrhythmia onset. However, beta blockers do not completely eliminate…

…phenytoin binding to plasma albumin, but the therapeutic effect remains unchanged. Sulfonylureas: Salicylates may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas, possibly due to reduced binding…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…lacking; the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials. If alternative causes of cough are suspected, specific…

…in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug is…

…to perform activities of daily living Cognitive status Risk of falls Symptoms or history suggesting orthostatic hypotension Multimorbidity Polypharmacy and overall therapeutic burden Life expectancy…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…may be used as a de escalation strategy after a period of DAPT. The therapeutic objective is to reduce coronary thrombotic events without exposing the…

…are elevated. The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure…

…with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally require all appropriate evidence based measures, including drug treatment and therapeutic lifestyle change…

…contexts [4]. Reduction of Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and…

…and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and…

…colleagues in 2018. This approach seeks to anchor diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion, rather than rigid…

…renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened…

…effects of digoxin. Potassium levels must always be assessed in patients using digoxin whenever they seek medical attention. Arrhythmias may occur already at therapeutic plasma…

…therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles, and thus the selection between them may be guided by individual patient needs rather than by a distinct advantage of…

…normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences prognosis and therapeutic decision making. Structural Heart Disease (SHD): Accounting for approximately 90% of all VT presentations, SHD…