… follow up and investigation of the cause of increased flow are appropriate. Exercise PH is defined by an mPAP/cardiac output slope greater than 3…

…outcomes. Preserving right ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is multifactorial. In addition to elevated exercise induced filling pressures…

…Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment of coronary complexity The SYNTAX score is used to characterize coronary anatomical complexity. It incorporates…

…required in asymptomatic patients. Before drug treatment, recommended or suggested measures include: reassurance; exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been…

…therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure, and improve symptoms, functional capacity and quality of…

…Treatment decisions should not be based on age alone. Assessment should include: Degree of frailty, preferably using validated clinical tests Ability to perform activities of…

…expertise and a dedicated multidisciplinary Shock Team. Evaluation and physical examination Assessment should establish: The ACS presentation and its urgency. The presence or absence of…

…Evaluation of coronary artery disease. Assessment of therapeutic response. Exercise testing can be used to evaluate the effect of medications or interventions such as PCI…

…reduced exercise capacity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia commonly coexist and should be considered part of the clinical cardiovascular phenotype. Weight reduction and increased physical activity can…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…a narrow therapeutic index, a half life of several days and more than a hundred clinically relevant interactions. What determines whether the treatment is safe…

…may occur relatively soon after treatment is initiated. Reported increases include: Approximately 43% increase in major bleeding in a meta analysis of primary prevention trials…

…Combinations Fixed dose, single pill combinations are preferred whenever combination treatment is used. The number of prescribed tablets is directly related to adherence, and simplifying…

…should be considered within a stepwise, target based lipid lowering strategy: Dietary and lifestyle interventions form the foundation of treatment. Statins are the preferred first…

…integrated with management of precipitating factors such as anaemia, uncontrolled hypertension, thyrotoxicosis, tachyarrhythmia, uncontrolled heart failure, and concomitant valvular disease. Risk factor modification, physical activity…

…variable rather than a therapeutic objective. LDL C as the primary treatment target Current lipid management frameworks place LDL C at the centre of treatment…

…patients require a mechanism based assessment rather than reassurance based solely on the absence of obstructive CAD. Evaluation and Physical Examination Clinical assessment The asses

…major therapeutic target. This concept is clinically relevant because cardiovascular risk may persist despite appropriate lipid lowering and other guideline directed therapies. Anti inflammatory treatment…

…and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary lipid target in contemporary secondary…

…equivalent electrocardiographic pattern in a patient with symptoms of myocardial ischaemia. The immediate therapeutic objective is restoration of coronary blood flow to the infarct zone…

…and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications…

…on practical diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, with recommendations aligned with current guidelines from both the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC…

…pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft…

…treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of…

…wave. The whole value of the investigation lies in the ratio between the number of atrial and ventricular complexes — more atrial than ventricular complexes, the…

…pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment. Contraindications There…

…Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan the aspiration…

…Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes…

…Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very elderly therefore extends beyond reducing myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, or cardiovascular death. Preservation of mobility…

…information. Coronary pressure measurements permit assessment of the physiological significance of selected stenoses using fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave free ratio (iFR). Other…

…availability of hepatic LDL receptors and thereby enhances LDL C removal from plasma. Two principal therapeutic strategies have emerged: Inhibition of circulating PCSK9 activity , using…

…number of cigarettes smoked does not produce a proportional reduction in cardiovascular harm. Complete cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of…

…the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) emerges as the sole therapeutic alternative for such situations. Presently, this treatment is…

…Common therapeutic dose: 4 6 mg/h. Clevidipine is administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is…

…to elective cardioversion. It does not apply in haemodynamic instability. Digitalis toxicity — a risk of refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Therapeutic digoxin levels, by contrast, are no…

…are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the likelihood of arrhythmia onset…

…are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications mitigate adrenergic stimulation, thereby decreasing the likelihood of arrhythmia onset…

…phenytoin binding to plasma albumin, but the therapeutic effect remains unchanged. Sulfonylureas: Salicylates may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas, possibly due to reduced binding…

…Fibrillation) Bleeding Risk Score is a clinical tool designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy…

…lacking; the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials. If alternative causes of cough are suspected, specific…

…in patients with renal disease; neither amiodarone nor desethylamiodarone is dialyzable. The volume of distribution is large, averaging 60 L/kg, and the drug is…

…vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of procedural anticoagulation; complex coronary anatomy and technically difficult PCI. For peri…

…a period of DAPT. The therapeutic objective is to reduce coronary thrombotic events without exposing the patient to disproportionate bleeding risk. Shortening treatment may reduce…

…with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally require all appropriate evidence based measures, including drug treatment and therapeutic lifestyle change…

…contexts [4]. Reduction of Sympathetic Drive Modulating autonomic tone is a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and…

…colleagues in 2018. This approach seeks to anchor diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion, rather than rigid…

…renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical ECG changes: Shortened…

…thoracotomy remains the primary therapeutic intervention. Ideally, it should be performed within 15 minutes of the onset of collapse. Pericardiocentesis , performed using a large needle…

…effects of digoxin. Potassium levels must always be assessed in patients using digoxin whenever they seek medical attention. Arrhythmias may occur already at therapeutic plasma…

…as individually appropriate. 3 Important study: Milrinone as Compared with Dobutamine in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock (N Engl J Med 2021; 385:516 525…

…normal hearts, a division that profoundly influences prognosis and therapeutic decision making. Structural Heart Disease (SHD): Accounting for approximately 90% of all VT presentations, SHD…