…and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications and agents such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, citrate (from transfusions), phenytoin, phosphate, and foscarnet, among others. ECG in hypoc

…excess calcitonin, use of phenytoin, use of phosphate substitution, use of foscarnet. ECG changes due to hypocalcemia Common ECG changes Lengthened QT interval (torsade de…

…4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full blood count. 5. Take a urine…

…overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate…

…urea, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Full blood count. Plasma glucose before insulin. Creatine kinase in suspected rhabdomyolysis. Phosphate, urate and lactate dehydrogenase in suspected tumour…

…up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list …

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…Hypertonic sodium chloride Give hypertonic saline 30 mg/mL, 3 per cent, 100 mL intravenously over about 10 to 20 minutes . Check the plasma sodium…

…increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension…

…in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions (Na + [sodium], K + [potassium] and Ca 2+ [calcium…

…below apply to adults unless otherwise stated, and paediatric doses are given per kilogram with the stated maximum. Always check against the local guideline and…

…QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional…

…QTc duration. Risk Stratification and the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk Model Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional…

…VIVITROL NALTREXONE naltrexone Mixed ar less cardiac failure severe Apretude CABOTEGRAVIR CABOTEGRAVIR SODIUM NA CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY no QT interval is not prolonged Fulvestrant FULVESTRANT Fulvestrant…

…used for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…The biologically active natriuretic peptides promote vasodilation, renal sodium and water excretion, and reduction of cardiac fibrosis through activation of the natriuretic peptide A receptor…

…function is impaired. Inadequate adherence to medication or dietary sodium restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is…

…with resistant hypertension. Dietary sodium and potassium abnormalities and commonly used over the counter medicines may also contribute to apparent treatment resistance. The diagnosis is…

…virtually all of the beta blocking activity. Sotalol does not block alpha adrenoceptors and lacks sodium channel blocking activity, meaning it exerts no membrane stabilizing…

…G2) Opioids Naloxone Organophosphates Atropine Pralidoxime Sulfonylurea Octreotide Thallium Prussian blue Tricyclic Antidepressants Sodium Bicarbonate Unfractionated Heparin Protamine Valproic acid L carnitine (limited evidence) Warfarin…

…effects of digoxin The incidence of adverse drug reactions is high, owing to the narrow therapeutic index of the drug. Digoxin is significantly pro arrhythmic…

…These factors include age, afterload, myocardial synchronization and intracellular processes ( e.g intracellular calcium signaling, the sodium–potassium pump, mitochondrial function, actin myosin interactions, etc…

…electric current. In electrocardiology, these charged particles are represented by intracellular and extracellular ions, such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+). These ions…

…each time Always, once per patient if no valid result exists Type and screen (BAS test) Blood group confirmation and antibody screening. If the screen…

…tonicity: 2 × plasma sodium + plasma glucose Total calculated osmolality: 2 × plasma sodium + plasma glucose + plasma urea All concentrations are given in mmol/L and the…

…patient licence, among them clevidipine, nicardipine, fenoldopam, enalaprilat, phentolamine and sodium nitroprusside. Availability may change. Check the local formulary, the licensing status, the concentration, the…

…size 11 scalpel. A chemical cautery agent: phenol 88 %, sodium hydroxide 10 % or silver nitrate. Electrocautery or a heated paper clip for trephination. Antibiotic ointment…

…list. Always dilute morphine 10 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL (1 mL made up to 10 mL with sodium chloride) before intravenous titration. Half…

…a suction catheter (Frazier or Baron, 5 Fr). Cerumenolytics (docusate sodium, sodium bicarbonate drops, olive oil, carbamide peroxide) are instilled 15–30 minutes before the…

…with insulin, a sulfonylurea, a beta blocker or liver failure Blood gas pH, pCO2, bicarbonate, lactate and, where needed, methaemoglobin and carboxyhaemoglobin Electrolytes Sodium, potassium,

…usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more…

…functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure…

…competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS), pharmacologic challenge with sodium channel blockers (ajmaline or flecainide) is utilized for diagnostic unmasking; if ventricula

…pressure and rhythm monitoring are mandatory, particularly when utilising dobutamine, to ensure the lowest effective dose is used. When titrating sodium nitroprusside for afterload r

…40 in endemic regions [3] . The global prevalence is estimated at 1 to 5 per 10,000 individuals, though this figure rises dramatically in Southeast…

…blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975. Safar P, Paradise NA, Weil MH. Asphyxial cardiac arrest…

…blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975. Safar P, Paradise NA, Weil MH. Asphyxial cardiac arrest…

…blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975. Safar P, Paradis NA, Weil MH. Asphyxial cardiac arrest…

…the risk of ventricular fibrillation, it is believed that early repolarization is caused by altered ion channel function (alterations in sodium, potassium and calcium currents…