…and thyroid surgeries, as well as medications and agents such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, citrate (from transfusions), phenytoin, phosphate, and foscarnet, among others. ECG in hypoc

…excess calcitonin, use of phenytoin, use of phosphate substitution, use of foscarnet. ECG changes due to hypocalcemia Common ECG changes Lengthened QT interval (torsade de…

…4. Take an urgent panel: creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate or blood gas, calcium, phosphate, glucose and a full blood count. 5. Take a urine…

…overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate…

…urea, sodium, calcium and magnesium. Full blood count. Plasma glucose before insulin. Creatine kinase in suspected rhabdomyolysis. Phosphate, urate and lactate dehydrogenase in suspected tumour…

…up At an eGFR below 60, or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list …

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…Hypertonic sodium chloride Give hypertonic saline 30 mg/mL, 3 per cent, 100 mL intravenously over about 10 to 20 minutes . Check the plasma sodium…

…increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension…