…likely to rupture than non calcified, lipid rich plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of the broader atherosclerotic process, including non calcified plaques that…

…and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a single variant identified as the cause of disease, although the yield varies by cohort. A…

…social and multigenerational family history. The evaluation should establish: The magnitude of untreated LDL C elevation. The presence and age of onset of premature CAD…

…a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting medications The SLCO1B1 rs4149056 polymorphism…

…may influence management. A single measurement is generally sufficient because Lp(a) is genetically determined and does not fluctuate substantially over the lifetime. A repeat…

…from the conjunctiva or the cornea. Never use a cotton bud on an embedded corneal foreign body — it scrapes away a large area of epithelium…

…Contraindications The laryngeal mask is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient…

…SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images of the…

…raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non dipping: a nocturnal fall in pressure of < 10% of the daytime value…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease, defined in the cited guidance as greater than 15% and up to 85%. The examination may be…

…cause a hypertensive crisis through interactions, while venlafaxine and higher doses of bupropion, among others, can raise the blood pressure. Serotonin syndrome can also cause…

…tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats (VT). ECG 4 . Regular supraventricular rhythm (P waves precede the QRS).

…or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult…

…overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate…

…as to discrimination: echocardiography is ubiquitous, standardized, and cheap to interpret. The limitation, familiar to every electrophysiologist, is that LVEF is both insensitive and non…

…5 µg/mL at the cost of increased toxicity risk. In routine clinical practice, amiodarone plasma levels are rarely useful, as myocardial concentration—which correlates…

…emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology reflects failure of vascular autoregulation…

…represents the net vectoral sum of all active electrical wavefronts at any given point in time, approximated as a single heart vector [3]. The orientation…

…effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most effective public health measure available ( Ezzati et al, Lim et al ). Approximately 90–95% of…

…developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission…

…capacity of coronary arteries to augment blood flow in response to increased myocardial oxygen demand, such as during physical exertion. It is defined as the…

…The aortic valve closes when aortic pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure. ESV (End Systolic Volume) is defined as left ventricular volume at the closure of…

…movement that merely worsens dizziness that is already ongoing . A patient with BPPV is usually relatively free of symptoms between the brief attacks. Lying down…

…with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as the CVP predict fluid responsiveness poorly. Dynamic measures are better: a pulse pressure…

…Hz, sensitivity about 75 %; single fibre EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia…

…all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for help matter more than a single measured value [2]. Level Plasma…

…a single temperature of 38.3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some Swedish and local care programmes use 38.5 degrees instead. Follow the…

…PCI treated with prasugrel and ASA exhibited a higher risk of major and minor bleeding, as classified by the TIMI system (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction)…

…specify the loading dose. Efficacy and harms In secondary prevention trials involving patients with previous vascular disease, aspirin reduced the combined incidence of non fatal…

…Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg. The LDL C response varies with background therapy: Treatment setting…

…used in adults aged ≥70 years. SCORE2 OP accounts for the competing risk of death from non cardiovascular causes, an important consideration in older populations…

…DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may…

…combinations generally lower blood pressure more effectively than simply increasing the dose of a single drug. They may also permit lower doses of each component…

…has decreased from approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension…

…but the clinical manifestations of ischaemic heart disease are heterogeneous. Anginal equivalents may include: Midepigastric discomfort. Dyspnoea. Reduced exercise tolerance. Excessive fatigue. These non chest…

…dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More…

…such as police, fire brigade, emergency rescue, and security guards) in BLS is key to improving outcomes in OHCA and may be the single strongest…

…single ultrasound line, its temporal and axial resolution is very high, as compared with 2D echocardiography. M mode is useful for quantifying the mobility of…

…other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early…

…doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and a systemic steroid given early [2,3]. Grading Grade the severity…

…one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another non food…

…times daily See note Do not use Do not use Nitrofurantoin: as a general rule the drug is contraindicated at an eGFR <45 mL/min…

…pillow to place under the shoulders as an alternative to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can…

…sync mode no shock at all is then delivered while the patient deteriorates. Indications Emergency, irrespective of duration and anticoagulation status: Tachyarrhythmia with haemodynamic compromise…

…kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with shock and suspected ESBL meropenem 1 g × 3 IV Do not treat asymptomatic bacteriuria. The exceptions are…

…A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous…

…control of the bleeding. Activate the protocol in Activation must be based on an overall assessment, not on a single threshold value. The combination of…

…Assess the airway, the pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting and secretions. Suction and give oxygen as needed. Intubate for a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…determined by ROC curve analysis as the optimal balance for deciding on ICD implantation, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of nine (95% CI…

…the presence of these features does not imply inevitable clinical disruption. Fewer than 5% of thin capped fibroatheromas have been identified as the source of…

…is currently considered the most frequent form of CA worldwide [15]. Clinical Presentation and Course Both AL and ATTR CA typically present as heart failure…

…Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited discriminatory value. Features suggesting myocardial…

…Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in this setting. The duration of therapy requires an individualized balance between: Ischaemic…

…a greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic…

…dedicated testing, or a qualitative assessment of CAC on a non gated chest CT, can modify the estimated likelihood of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is…

…falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit is greater still when reductions in non cardiovascular morbidity and…

…of ischemia. Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single) T wave inversion in lead V1 is common and normal. It is generally concordant with the…

…or verapamil, although this is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications…