Procedurer The single most important step in any eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second…

Procedurer The laryngeal mask is the single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx…

…PET In SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to create tomographic images…

…is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by home measurement or 24 hour…

…a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology, providing insight into the perfusion pressure experienced by…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is…

…acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120…

…Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three…

…the bedside. The check against the patient's own identity immediately before transfusion is the single most important safety measure in the entire chain. In…

Procedurer Alkalinising the urine increases the excretion of weak acids by keeping them in a charged form in the tubular fluid, where they cannot be…

…et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R…

…bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose, plasma concentrations peak within 3 to 6 hours…

…non contrast, electrocardiographically gated computed tomography (CT) scan. Image acquisition generally requires a single breath hold and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or special…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and Pathophysiology A hypertensive emergency is severe blood pressure elevation accompanied by acute hypertension mediated target organ damage (HMOD). The European…

…active electrical wavefronts at any given point in time, approximated as a single heart vector [3]. The orientation and intensity of this vector fluctuate throughout…

…diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most effective public health measure available ( Ezzati et al, Lim et al )…

…magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission computed tomography (PET) and coronary angiography. These modalities aim to…

…conditions. MPI uses radiotracers in combination with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow…

…Ventricular Pressure Volume Relationship Left ventricular pressure volume relationship can be described by a loop diagram with volume depicted on the x axis and left…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Rapid overview Acute dizziness is managed most safely by first establishing the time course and precipitating circumstances , and then selecting a targeted…

…1.6 mmol/L Clearance over time is more informative than a single value Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Normal echocardiographic values Measurement…

…decrement ≥ 10 % at 3 Hz, sensitivity about 75 %; single fibre EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the…

…all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for help matter more than a single measured value [2]. Level Plasma…

…antibiotics within 60 minutes of triage or arrival. This is supported by international guidelines on neutropenic fever [2]. The direct evidence for exactly one hour…

…generally not recommended. If deemed necessary after careful individual benefit risk assessment by the prescribing physician: Initial dose : 60 mg single loading dose. Maintenance dose…

…inhibitor produces dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), while treatment with one antiplatelet drug constitutes single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT). The benefit of antiplatelet therapy must always be…

…despite maximally tolerated therapy. It is a prodrug activated predominantly in the liver by very long chain acyl CoA synthetase 1. This activating enzyme is…

…Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic…

…DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may…

…and MYBPC3. Approximately 40–60% of tested patients have a single variant identified as the cause of disease, although the yield varies by cohort. A…

…conditions Definition and pathophysiology Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life…

…classes. By acting on more than one pathophysiological pathway, combinations generally lower blood pressure more effectively than simply increasing the dose of a single drug…

…features vary by lesion but include: Older age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease…

…pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS effect from a nocebo response. Predisposing factors The likelihood of…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion…

…are often systemic rather than confined to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic…

CPR Basic life support (BLS) can be provided by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a…

…mode was previously the dominating modality in echocardiography. Although it has now largely been replaced by 2D echocardiography, it is still used in clinical practice…

…gives the higher stage. A patient can thus be stage 3 by urine output despite a less marked rise in creatinine. Limitations of creatinine and…

…of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory…

…01 mg/kg, corresponding to 0.01 ml/kg. The maximum single dose is 0.5 mg, corresponding to 0.5 ml. Adults are usually…

…monitoring Drug Comment : : Vancomycin (intravenous) Loading dose by weight, maintenance dose by renal function and drug concentration Gentamicin and other aminoglycosides A single dose initially…

…test; performed on the wrong patient or by an inexperienced examiner it is unreliable. A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation …

Procedurer Two things determine whether the procedure is safe: that synchronisation really is switched on when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk…

…including oral step down or gentamicin 4.5 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with complicating factors cefotaxime 1 g × 3 IV 10…

…continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous prescribing decision on a ward. Not prescribing glucose measurement…

…the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2. Designate a team leader and…

…enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison control centre , which…

5 Year Risk of Life Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias [calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which…

[calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which predisposes individuals to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade…

… neovascularization and intraplaque haemorrhage; calcification and remodelling; episodic plaque disruption followed by thrombosis. Atherosclerotic disease usually evolves over decades. Intimal thickening may be present during…

…18 [19]: Variant or Hereditary ATTR (ATTRv): Caused by autosomal dominant single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in amino acid substitutions that destabilize the normal tetrameric TTR…

…had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations The central pathophysiological concern in the emergency department is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads…

…DAPT is generally a temporary strategy. At an appropriate point, it is usually replaced by single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT), most often aspirin. In selected patients…

…raised natriuretic peptides. HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is defined by symptoms and/or signs of HF with LVEF 41–49%. In this…

…explained by major conventional risk factors; patients at moderate risk or close to a treatment threshold, when risk refinement may influence management. A single measurement…

…to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) before diagnostic testing. This pre test probability is…

…cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring counselling regarding cardiovascular effects and potential drug interactions. Cannabis should also be…

…be concordant with the QRS complex, meaning that a net positive QRS complex should be followed by a positive T wave, and vice versa ( Figure…

…1 mg/kg Second dose: Increase the dose by 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg. Maximum single dose: 0.3 mg/kg Body weight…