…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…output sufficiently will result in the following compilations: Pulmonary edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is…

…airway, breathing or circulation. Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]…

…Both can improve coronary flow, exercise capacity and angina related health status, and both can reduce myocardial ischaemia during exertion or emotional stress. Neither procedure…

…arises when the volume of air is substantial enough to compress the superior and inferior vena cava, impeding or halting venous return to the heart…

…risk of bending or damage during chest compressions. References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Doubles DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas…

…progressive or diagnostically unclear AKI. Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is…

…or previously athletic patients. Beta blockade, a pacemaker and autonomic neuropathy can at the same time mask the expected tachycardia. Aids to assessment The shock…

…stroke volume, or vascular tone can significantly impact MAP, reflecting the dynamic interplay between cardiac function and vascular resistance. Advantages of measuring MAP over systolic…

…by obstructive sleep apnea. The following bradyarrhythmias are considered normal findings during sleep: Sinus bradycardia down to 30 beats per minute. Sinus pause <3 seconds…

…3 episodes of sustained VT, VF, or appropriate shocks from an ICD within 24 h. Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG showing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia…

…3 episodes of sustained VT, VF, or appropriate shocks from an ICD within 24 h. Classification of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG showing polymorphic ventricular tachycardia…

…ECG is recorded, the greater the probability that the rhythm has deteriorated into PEA or asystole, and therefore the worse the prognosis. This does not…

…oxygen and nutrient delivery and, when severe or prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock…

…No reflow may become apparent during or immediately after PCI. The clinical presentation depends on the extent of microvascular obstruction and the territory supplied by…

…synchronized cardioversion and defibrillation ; the key distinction is timing relative to the cardiac cycle, since a shock delivered asynchronously on the T wave during ventricular…

…and demand. In many cases, the initiating process is plaque disruption with thrombosis; other cases result from spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection, hypotension or shock…

…shock, pulmonary oedema, myocardial ischaemia or a falling level of consciousness. Unstable monomorphic VT with a pulse. Pre excitation with atrial fibrillation and a very…

…arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial activity. The investigation is diagnostic, not…

…below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas. Acute critical illness during initial stabilisation — cardiac arrest, shock, sepsis…

…instability or cardiogenic shock. The likelihood of an identifiable IRA. The extent and complexity of coexisting coronary disease. Renal function, bleeding risk, comorbidities, frailty, and…

…instability or cardiogenic shock. Clinical heart failure. Recurrent ischemia or reinfarction. Ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Features suggesting systemic embolization. In patients with recurrent chest pain and hemodynamic…

…heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy, or secondary to…

…immediate consideration of a mechanical complication. Clinical deterioration may be abrupt or progressive, and cardiogenic shock may develop rapidly. Ventricular septal rupture VSR typically causes…

…Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Most out of hospital deaths occur early and are commonly related to ventricular fibrillation…

…aortic root and right atrium during diastole (coronary blood flow occurs in diastole or the decompression phase during CPR). High aortic pressure and low right…

…anorexia nervosa, or more than 5 days without nutrition. Check the phosphate, potassium and magnesium before and daily during the build up, give thiamine before…

…for puncture — surgical drainage or pericardiotomy instead. Relative: uncorrected coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia and ongoing anticoagulant treatment. In tamponade with shock the coagulation is corrected in parallel…

…or marked coagulopathy. Severe sepsis and septic shock. Already marked hypothermia from another cause — warm the patient instead. Refractory shock in which the bradycardia and…

…blocker, a calcium channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive…

…chronotropy and mild increase in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia Tissue ischemia (high doses or extravasation) Dopamine high dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure…

…presentation to persistent chest discomfort, cardiac arrest, electrical or haemodynamic instability, and cardiogenic shock. ACS is distinct from myocardial infarction (MI). MI denotes cardiomyocyte necrosis…

…reduction in cardiac output and arterial pressure and may include: Chest discomfort Fatigue Weakness Presyncope or syncope Exercise intolerance Symptoms of shock in advanced cases…

…al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation…

…chronotropy and mild increase in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias Myocardial ischemia Tissue ischemia (high doses or extravasation) Dopamine high dose Cardiogenic shock Vasodilatory shock Heart failure…

…palmar arches and the lowest complication rate. The femoral artery is the second choice and is often the best in marked shock or during high…

…and chronotropy, with a slight rise in SVR. Ventricular arrhythmias. Myocardial ischaemia. Tissue ischaemia (high doses or extravasation). Dopamine — high dose Cardiogenic shock. Vasodilatory shock…

…evidence of systemic venous congestion Blood pressure and evidence of hypotension Clinical evidence of low cardiac output or shock RVI may produce severe venous congestion…

…usually unaffected, but the shock volume and ejection fraction (EF) may be reduced because the end diastolic volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive…

…of cases. Potentially reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest ( Salomone et al ): Hypovolemia : Hypovolemic shock is common in both penetrating and blunt force trauma. Loss…

…9 . Delivery of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock…

…emergency or urgent procedures, chronic kidney disease, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, and cardiogenic shock. Patient related and procedural risk factors The risk of adverse…

…ST segment elevations during posterolateral transmural ischemia. On the other hand, leads V1–V3 (occasionally V4) may detect the injury currents and present them as…

…fibrillation (VF). ECG 4 . Polymorphic VT progresses to ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock during ventricular fibrillation (VF).

…health care exposure and the risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely…

…local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment or surgical embolectomy where available. A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and cautious fluid administration. Large fluid…

…malignant arrhythmias, and rapid progression to cardiogenic shock. Ventricular fibrillation or asystole may occur early due to the massive ischemia. Complete LMCA occlusion is typically…

…5 . Ventricular fibrillation (VF). ECG 6 . Delivery of shock, followed by asystole. ECG 7 . Asystole after shock. ECG 8 . Recurrence of supraventricular rhythm. ECG 9…

…PCWP) / CO Oxygen delivery (DO₂) = CO × (1.34 × Hb × SaO₂ + 0.003 × PaO₂), normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic profiles in shock Type CO…

…taken and the principles that are common to all protocols. Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock…

…paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic hepatitis ("shock liver") or acute viral hepatitis. The three are distinguished by the history and the speed of the course. An AST…

…antibiotics are associated with a worse outcome in sepsis and in several studies of neutropenic patients. In septic shock, or where sepsis is highly likely…

…In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular vein are the vessels that can most often still be punctured — and ultrasound…

…peripheral perfusion and the signs of shock 2 Two large bore peripheral cannulae. Consider an arterial line if the patient is unstable or frequent blood…

…shock or the need for ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), may be required in this setting. Clinical presentation and…

…presumed to result from ongoing myocardial ischaemia Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock Life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest after presentation Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction…

…occluded coronary artery and is advantageous when fibrinolysis is contraindicated, bleeding risk is high, the diagnosis is uncertain, cardiogenic shock is present, or symptoms have…

…anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely, mechanisms that increase myocardial oxygen demand include sustained tachyarrhythmia and severe hypertension, with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. In…

…or impending circulatory collapse, transcutaneous pacing must be started immediately. The risk of circulatory collapse is highest with AV block 2 Mobitz type 2 and…

…9 . Delivery of shock (red arrow), with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock…