…morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased in parallel with older maternal age at first childbirth and the rising prevalence of obesity. Gestational hypertension is…

…non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction…

…a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known or suspected intracranial space occupying lesion with mass effect and midline shift. Ongoing anticoagulant treatment or marked…

…ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever, abdominal pain, encephalopathy, rising creatinine, gastrointestinal…

…regional poison control centre for advice on the treatment threshold and on whether haemodialysis should be considered. Rhabdomyolysis with marked elevation of CK and threatened…

…segment elevation, immediate reperfusion assessment is required. Patients with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non…

…stroke volumes. Failure to increase cardiac output sufficiently will result in the following compilations: Pulmonary edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock…

…is hypoxaemic. Oxygen is not a treatment for dyspnoea as such and must not be given uncontrolled simply because the patient feels breathless. Excessive oxygen…

…Do not wait for the blood gas result before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the…

…ECG changes at any level Immediate emergency treatment, continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms…

…the following immediately: 1. Call for help using the words massive haemorrhage , and state the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding…

…Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete diagnostic certainty. Sepsis is defined as…

…drug treatment Resuscitation, investigation and drug treatment must proceed simultaneously. Do not wait for laboratory results, CT or EEG before the first dose of benzodiazepine…

…oliguria a rising lactate or metabolic acidosis repeated fresh haematemesis haematochezia in combination with circulatory compromise a rapidly falling haemoglobin after fluid treatment has been…

…population. Troponin levels higher than the 99th percentile of a normal population are considered elevated (abnormal). Criteria for elevated troponins: serial measurements with a rising

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Clinical Red Flags Raising Suspicion of Cardiac Amyloidosis Demographic and Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older…

…impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient. Perioperatively and postoperatively in longer procedures…

…without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does…

…retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very nature: a patient who has not responded within a couple of hours…

…in observational studies, but it is not a validated treatment target. Raising HDL C pharmacologically has not been shown to reduce cardiovascular events. Very high…

…terminated. Reliability as a function of workload In order for the exercise test to be reliable, the patient must perform maximally, without risking serious complications…