…a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial activation. This is shown in Figure 1 (upper panel)…

…Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording…

…any decision to limit treatment when time allows. There is complete upper airway obstruction where laryngoscopy will not succeed; plan for a surgical airway or…

…atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical area…

…upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur without chest pain and should be considered anginal equivalents…

…with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, upper back…

… a higher threshold may be considered individually in ongoing ischaemia Upper gastrointestinal bleeding that has been stabilised 70 g/L — a more liberal strategy gives…

…the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper limbs) also enters the right atrium…

…a reflection of right atrial depolarization and the second half is a reflection of left atrial depolarization. This is shown in Figure 3 (upper panel)…

…the right atrium. Meanwhile, deoxygenated blood in the superior vena cava (which returns blood from the head and upper limbs) also enters the right atrium…

…electrodes more proximally (closer to the trunk): leg electrodes are placed proximally on the thighs and arm electrodes are placed proximally on the upper arm…

…raised — the two decisions must never be conflated. There is no absolute upper age limit. Suitability is determined organ by organ in consultation between the…

…jaw, back, upper abdomen, and left or right arm. Onset and evolution How do symptoms start (suddenly or gradually)? When did the patient first note…

…complexes. P waves may occur on the ST T segment ( Figure 1 , upper panel). The atrial rate is typically faster than the ventricular rate. It…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

…separate catalogue of symptom patterns. The severity of right ventricular involvement should be considered when inferior infarction is accompanied by disproportionate systemic venous congestion, hypotension…

…is by definition 120 ms or longer. ECG criteria for right bundle branch block (RBBB) QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds. Leads V1 V2: The QRS…

…the most common causes. ECG changes in right ventricular hypertrophy V1 and V2 shows larger R waves and smaller S waves. The R wave may…

…behind the sternum and thus is the most anteriorly located part of the heart. The right ventricle has a complicated anatomy. In cross section (SAX…

…Likewise, the right ventricle may appear functionally and morphologically normal on echocardiography and cardiac MRI during the first two decades of life. The most common…

…m2 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 22 ± 6 29–33 34–39 40 ​BSA, Body surface area; LA, left atrial; RA, right atrial.

…BSA. Basal segments of the right ventricle (i.e parts on the atrial side of the tricuspid annulus) function as atrium and becomes dilated. The…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…atrium. An electrode placed in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an amplitude the surface ECG can never achieve, and…

…pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid is rarely the right…

…PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the…

…ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI): clinical implications & Sgarbossa criteria Contrary to right bundle branch block…

…and their relation to the ECG leads. Note that Figure 1 is a right dominant system (i.e PDA is supplied from RCA). Figure 1…

…which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with the right landmark and the right needle length. Indications Route Typical drugs Absorption :…

…which needle is chosen, and that the tubes go to the right place. In suspected bacterial meningitis it is the time to antibiotics that saves…

…or cardiac arrest with suspected pulmonary embolism. Urgent bedside echocardiography, looking for right ventricular strain. If CT pulmonary angiography can be performed immediately, do it…

…steroid that cross reacts in the cortisol assay, whether the samples were taken at the right times, and whether you know which decision threshold your…

…mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling, reduced…

…infarction (STEMI). The principal lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac…

…B: Prolonged QT interval (QTc ≥ 480 ms for females) C: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (rSR' pattern in lead V1 and qRS pattern in V6…

…and clinical characteristics in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) The following figure shows characteristic ECG changes in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)…

…Consequently, depolarization of the left ventricle is achieved by impulses spreading from the right ventricle. The electrical impulse will propagate through the left ventricle partially…

…exists if the ECG displays a widened QRS appearance that is neither a left bundle branch block (LBBB) nor a right bundle branch block (RBBB)…

…flow via inferior vena cava to the right atrium and ventricle. The thrombus is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the…

…considered a normal finding. The regurgitation results in blood flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole. The most common cause…

…the highest oxygen demand. The right ventricle and the atria work against much lower resistances and therefore have lower oxygen demands. The wall thickness is…

…leads ≥ 1.0 mm V7–V9 (posterior) ≥ 0.5 mm V3R–V4R (right ventricle) ≥ 0.5 mm (≥ 1.0 mm in men < 30 years…

… it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation…

…4 in Brugada's algorithm) If the QRS complex in V1–V2 resembles a right bundle branch block (i.e positive QRS) V1 : Monophasic R…

…travels during systole. 3. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) Diameter Optimal View : Right ventricular inflow outflow (RVIO) view. Method : Under zoomed conditions, measure the RVOT…

…B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum…

…ZTime velocity integral of the tricuspid inflow (cm) 60 cm Pressure half time (T ½,ms) ≥ 190 ms Right atrium Pressure half time (T ½…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…increased venous and intra abdominal pressures, impaired renal venous outflow and persistent right sided congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of…

…Ischaemic heart disease Atrial arrhythmias Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic…

…leads, and narrow r waves followed by broad, deep S waves in the right precordial leads [7]. Septal q waves are usually absent [7]. Stricter…

…higher doses, vasoconstriction may occur, accompanied by decreased venous capacitance and an elevation in right atrial pressure. Levosimendan represents a distinct class of inodilator. It…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…involvement The anatomical territory, including anterior, inferoposterolateral or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle branch block, Wolff–Parkinson–White…

…between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation. If the axis is more…

…between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation. If the axis is more…

…disease. If such aberration occurs at normal heart rate (<100 beats/min) it is most likely to have a right bundle branch block morphology. If…

…discussed in detail in the articles on left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and atrial enlargement. Below follows a discussion on the principles and differences…

…of cases, the re entry circuit in atrial flutter is located in the right atrium and it typically loops around the tricuspid valve. Impulses spread…