…a reflection of right atrial activation and the second half is a reflection of left atrial activation. This is shown in Figure 1 (upper panel)…

…back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in patients…

…fingerbreadths from hyoid to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage M allampati Class III–IV indicates increased risk O bstruction/Obesity Stridor, pharyngeal swelling…

…in a craniocaudal direction down the right atrial free wall, traverses the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) at the inferior boundary, and ascends in a caudocranial direction…

…the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms…

…pain is thought to result from right ventricular ischemia that develops during physical exertion [5]. Associated Findings: Exertional dyspnea, dizziness, and syncope may also occur …

…added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…a reflection of right atrial depolarization and the second half is a reflection of left atrial depolarization. This is shown in Figure 3 (upper panel)…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…right of the sternal border. V2: placed in the fourth intercostal space, to the left of the sternal border. V3: placed diagonally between V2 and…

…conflated. There is no absolute upper age limit. Suitability is determined organ by organ in consultation between the intensive care physician and the transplant service…

…sensation across the precordium and may radiate to the neck, shoulder, jaw, back, upper abdomen, and left or right arm. Onset and evolution How do…

…interval and ride straight through the strip, without any relation to QRS complexes. P waves may occur on the ST T segment ( Figure 1 , upper…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

…range from mild right ventricular impairment to cardiogenic shock. Patients with hypotension, marked low output, or persistent severe symptoms require close monitoring and consideration of…

…hallmark of both RBBB and LBBB is the QRS duration which is by definition 120 ms or longer. ECG criteria for right bundle branch block…

…V6, I and aVL displays smaller R waves than normal. Along with larger R waves in right sided leads, the R wave progression may be…

…ventricular function affects right ventricular function via afterload. In the case of left ventricular failure, the pressure in the pulmonary vessels rises and the pressure…

…lead to a suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common…

Reference values for atrial size and volume Women Men Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal…

…shaped appearance in short axis views. The increased pressure may also propagate back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena…

…multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an amplitude the surface ECG can never achieve, and makes it visible even…

…pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at lower doses than for pain). An opioid is rarely the right…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury…

…clinical implications & Sgarbossa criteria Contrary to right bundle branch block, left bundle branch block is always a pathological finding that affects cardiovascular and total mortality…

…that Figure 1 is a right dominant system (i.e PDA is supplied from RCA). Figure 1. The coronary arteries and their relation to the…

…which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with the right landmark and the right needle length. Indications Route Typical drugs Absorption :…

…a rising blood pressure with bradycardia. A known or suspected intracranial space occupying lesion with mass effect and midline shift. Ongoing anticoagulant treatment or marked…

…or surgical embolectomy where available. A vasopressor (noradrenaline) and cautious fluid administration. Large fluid volumes worsen an already strained right ventricle. Clinical probability in the…

…cortisol assay, whether the samples were taken at the right times, and whether you know which decision threshold your own laboratory's method uses. In…

…a mass. Tamponade occurs when intrapericardial pressure equals or exceeds right atrial pressure. The haemodynamic consequences are progressive impairment of right and left sided filling…

…lesions are: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR), producing an acute left to right shunt. Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Papillary muscle rupture…

…QTc ≥ 480 ms for females) C: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (rSR' pattern in lead V1 and qRS pattern in V6 with QRS duration <120…

…V5, V6, I and aVL) and deep S waves in right sided leads (V1, V2) indicate that the vector of the left ventricle is amplified…

…right bundle branch block (C). One large box equals 100 ms at paperspeed 25 mm/s. Figure 2 shows 12 lead ECGs demonstrating right and…

…LBBB) nor a right bundle branch block (RBBB). The QRS morphology of nonspecific intraventricular conduction delays may vary substantially. Definition and causes of nonspecific intraventricular…

…in the main pulmonary artery, and thereby increased afterload on the right ventricle. This increases the load on the right ventricle, which therefore requires more…

…artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload, which gradually causes right ventricular failure. The ventricle and RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract) become…

…the right ventricle is affected, then the left ventricle is virtually always affected due to the coronary anatomy (refer to the chapter Coronary Arteries and…

…leads ≥ 1.0 mm V7–V9 (posterior) ≥ 0.5 mm V3R–V4R (right ventricle) ≥ 0.5 mm (≥ 1.0 mm in men < 30 years…

… it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation…

Info Brugada's algorithm is the most used algorithm for distinguishing ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with wide QRS complex. The algorithm entails…

…shunt] Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography: A Guide to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter…

…B In patients with inferior myocardial infarction, consider connecting V3R and V4R to detect concomitant right ventricular infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum…

…regurgitation Jet size < 5cm² 5 10 cm² 10 cm² size vena cava inferior < 2,1 cm and compressible in between 2,1 cm…

…1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement [8, 10…

…preserved cardiac output; increased venous and intra abdominal pressures, impaired renal venous outflow and persistent right sided congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the…

…Pericardial disease, including constriction Right ventricular dysfunction caused by pulmonary embolism Infiltrative cardiomyopathies, particularly cardiac amyloidosis Sepsis and other hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP…

…the right precordial leads [7]. Septal q waves are usually absent [7]. Stricter Criteria : These require a QRS duration exceeding 140 msec in males and…

…progression of right heart failure may indicate the need for inodilator therapy. Furthermore, acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant…

…PCI because of endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte and platelet interaction, distal thrombotic debris, cardiomyocyte swelling, interstitial edema, and inflammatory extravascular compression. This impaired tissue perfusion can…

…or right ventricular involvement Pre existing abnormalities such as prior infarction, left bundle branch block, Wolff–Parkinson–White patterns or ventricular pacing STEMI and non…

…the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation…

…the normal heart axis is between –30° and 90°. If the axis is more positive than 90° it is referred to as right axis deviation…

…rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one beat to another) is uncommon. Ashman's phenomenon :…

…ECG as increased amplitudes of the QRS complexes. The explanation is straightforward: myocardial muscle mass is increased and therefore it generates greater electrical potentials. However…

…of cases, the re entry circuit in atrial flutter is located in the right atrium and it typically loops around the tricuspid valve. Impulses spread…