…despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy. Tamponade is a clinical diagnosis supported by echocardiography: Finding Comment : : Hypotension, distended neck…

…Suspected malignancy, tuberculous peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites…

…aspirated. Suspected empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion. Suspected malignancy, tuberculous pleurisy or chylothorax. Therapeutic aspiration: dyspnoea caused by a pleural effusion, whatever the aetiology. Chest…

…is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It…

Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…end tidal carbon dioxide, ETCO2) Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…and, in the most severe cases, hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and minimise physical exertion…

…disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up …

…reactions in the lower grades and marked airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise in the higher ones [5]. For acute clinical use the following simplification can…

…normal pH. The lungs compensate for a primary metabolic disturbance within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops…

…failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD with respiratory acidosis , that is…

…the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1…

…oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with…

…asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation…

…cuff, a clock. The respiratory rate is counted manually. Naloxone 0.4 mg/mL out and checked before the first intravenous dose is given. Oxygen…

…heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate, not to a schedule. Always prescribe…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected quickly. Rapid sequence induction is used when intubation is required [1]…

…capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust…

…P. When ACE is inhibited, the resulting accumulation of these peptides irritates afferent neural pathways in the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…especially in young women. Non coronary mechanisms that reduce oxygen supply include severe bradyarrhythmia, respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock…

…Ebo et al ). Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis Nervousness, anxiety. Dermatological: Pruritus Urticaria Respiratory: Dyspnea Bronchospasm, stridor, wheezing Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue…

…the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and…

…It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C…

…pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of…

…bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions instead by temporarily withdrawing the cholinesterase inhibitor, under monitoring…

…Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation…

…intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, or a need for a vasopressor After initial…

…if hypoxaemic. Use a bag and mask if ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and a continuous ECG. Establish…

…level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a need for general…

…the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and…

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

…the coronary lumen. Coronary imaging is technically demanding because the vessels are small and are subject to both cardiac and respiratory motion. Image quality is…

…breathlessness, hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes…

…microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia, sustained bradyarrhythmia Increased myocardial oxygen demand Sustained tachyarrhythmia, severe hypertension, hypertensive crisis, critical…

…diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular…

…spasm, microvascular dysfunction, embolism, dissection, hypotension or shock, respiratory failure, severe anaemia, sustained bradyarrhythmia, tachyarrhythmia, or severe hypertension with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. Among…

…often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes, drug overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the cardiac arrest was caused…

…threatening conditions or injuries, including cardiac arrest, drowning, trauma, asphyxia and respiratory arrest. BLS can be provided by laymen, EMTs (emergency medical technicians), nurses, paramedics…

…confusion, impaired reflexes. Severe <115 mmol/L Seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause…

…in the right atrium leads to a decrease in atrial filling. Respiratory variations in E wave velocity Under normal circumstances, intrathoracic pressure decreases during inhalation…

…electrode). Lead III occasionally displays a large isolated Q wave; this is called a respiratory Q wave, because its amplitude varies with respiration. Lead III…

…blood back to the heart. The respiratory depth (volume) increases and this reduces the intrathoracic pressure by increasing the intrathoracic volume. Reduced intrathoracic pressure will…

…tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) fulfills all criteria for sinus rhythm except for the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular. The…

…of atrial pressure. This is done by assessing the diameter of the vena cava inferior and whether the diameter varies during the respiratory cycle. Thus…