…disorders may mimic myocardial ischaemia, including severe oesophageal spasm and acid reflux. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Characterising the presenting symptom The symptom should be classified…

…diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with respiratory disorders, notably obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome, which further increase cardiovascular…

…Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen or lithium, thiazide administration, and over supplementation of calcium and vitamin D. ECG in hypercalcemia Typical…

…distinct and uncommon form of precapillary PH. It is defined haemodynamically by precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause…

…at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up , not merely detoxification…

…principle Interpret the blood gas in the same order every time. Skipping a step is a common reason why mixed acid base disorders are missed…

…a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body water. In…

…is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It…

…end tidal carbon dioxide, ETCO2) Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…92 percent until the risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention…

…increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most severe cases, hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient…

…respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of adrenaline and initial fluid treatment Adrenaline infusion and advanced resuscitation in a monitored setting The…

…in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve with CPAP alone. As ceiling therapy where intubation has been judged not to be appropriate. Contraindications Respiratory…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…whether the difficulties were anticipated, whether the position and the equipment are in order, and whether there is an explicit plan for what happens when…

…a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 % where there is a risk of carbon dioxide retention (COPD, obesity hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease)…

…pain, or in headache. A failure to improve function is a reason to taper off, not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or…

…the preparation Avoid in renal failure, heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate…

…Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease…

…abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment. Contraindications There are in practice no absolute contraindications; suspected…

…without respiratory variation Strongly suggests a raised filling pressure Marked respiratory variation in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In…

…for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected quickly. Rapid sequence induction is used when intubation is required [1]. In salicylate poisoning, intubation…

…respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However, in some individuals the infection…

…this non atherosclerotic condition may occur especially in young women. Non coronary mechanisms that reduce oxygen supply include severe bradyarrhythmia, respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia…

…Urticaria Respiratory: Dyspnea Bronchospasm, stridor, wheezing Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue, and uvula causing airway obstruction Cardiovascular: Hypotension Circulatory collapse culminating in…

…patients should be managed in the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability…

…arrhythmias, conduction defects Cause of termination This article will discuss each of these six parameters in detail. Symptom during exercise stress testing Perceived exertion The…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements…

…This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all…

…Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions instead by temporarily withdrawing the cholinesterase inhibitor, under monitoring in a setting where the airway can…

…a clinical suspicion of tension pneumothorax in a haemodynamically or respiratorily unstable patient. Contraindications In tension pneumothorax and in empyema there are no absolute contraindications…

…chest findings, MAP and the response to every intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness…

…in the recovery position when this is practicable. Give oxygen if hypoxaemic. Use a bag and mask if ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory…

…Intubation is reasonable in: a reduced level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged…

…Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and/or low arterial oxygen saturation Syncope These findings may occur singly or in combination…

…initial functional test. CCTA may be advantageous in adults younger than 65 years and in patients with a lower suspicion of obstructive disease. Patients with…

…hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring…

…heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in…

…cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More than one mechanism may operate simultaneously. Some…

…ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes, drug overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom…

…BLS) can be provided by anyone, including laypeople. As shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed…

…but in some cases, the condition may be transient. Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the disease early in…

…called a respiratory Q wave, because its amplitude varies with respiration. Lead III may also display small Q waves (not related to respiration) in individuals…

…Exercise induces physiological changes such as increased ventilation, coronary vasodilation, increase in blood pressure, etc . The purpose of such changes is simply to enable the…

…P wave PR interval QRS complex ST segment T wave U wave QT (QTc) interval Pediatric and neonatal electrocardiograms differ markedly – in terms of rhythm…

…diameter varies during the respiratory cycle. Thus, the pressure in the inferior vena cava is used as a proxy for pressure in the right atrium…