…is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia is a normal finding among young and healthy individuals. It…

…form of precapillary PH. It is defined haemodynamically by precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked…

…end tidal carbon dioxide, ETCO2) Capnography refers to the measurement of end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ) in the respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the…

…Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes…

…ischaemic ECG changes Concomitant cardiac disease Oxygen targets Patient Initial target saturation : : Known COPD or another clear risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure 88 to 92…

…and, in the most severe cases, hypotension, pneumothorax and respiratory arrest [1]. The first few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and minimise physical exertion…

…disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and planned follow up …

…reactions in the lower grades and marked airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise in the higher ones [5]. For acute clinical use the following simplification can…

…normal pH. The lungs compensate for a primary metabolic disturbance within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops…

…failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD with respiratory acidosis , that is…

…3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic lung disease amoxicillin 750 mg × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 4 IV Pneumonia, suspected atypical pathogen…

…oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with…

…FVC Forced vital capacity FEV₁/FVC The ratio that defines obstruction PEF Peak expiratory flow — variability rather than the absolute value TLC Total lung capacity…

…marked hypovolaemia, head injury with impaired consciousness, biliary tract disease. There is no contraindication to analgesia in the acute abdomen . The notion that an opioid…

…heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate, not to a schedule. Always prescribe…

…absolute contraindications in hypoxaemia. Take particular care in: A risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure — COPD, severe obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease, marked chest wall deformity…

…peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment…

…and where no liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and…

…antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected quickly. Rapid sequence induction is used when intubation is required [1]…

…respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal surgery in a patient with known lung disease…

…therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial…

…between COVID 19 and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, coronavirus). Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been…

…the presence of non cardiac comorbidities, and the extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities. Mechanisms involving reduced myocardial perfusion include…

…Ebo et al ). Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis Nervousness, anxiety. Dermatological: Pruritus Urticaria Respiratory: Dyspnea Bronchospasm, stridor, wheezing Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue…

…the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise and resources to diagnose, monitor and manage neurological injuries, hemodynamic and respiratory instability, multiorgan failure, infections, seizures and…

…It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest wall movements Chest percussion Lung auscultation Pulse oximetry ( 95%) C…

…pH and bicarbonate. An arterial blood gas is needed mainly when concomitant respiratory failure or an exact assessment of oxygenation requires it [3]. Calculation of…

…protection. Asthma and other marked obstructive airways disease — relative; the risk of bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis…

…Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation…

…lung and the fluid level. 2. Choose a point with at least 15 mm depth of fluid throughout the respiratory cycle and where the lung…

…intervention Within 60 min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, or a need for a vasopressor After initial…

…if hypoxaemic. Use a bag and mask if ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate and a continuous ECG. Establish…

…level of consciousness with inadequate protective reflexes active major haematemesis severe agitation respiratory failure an anticipated difficult or prolonged endoscopic intervention a need for general…

…hypotension Heart rate and tachycardia Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease…

…investigations. The emergency differential also reflects distinct mechanisms of acute cardiopulmonary disease: Pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax may produce abrupt chest pain and respiratory distress…

…exclude significant anatomical CAD with high sensitivity and a high negative predictive value, particularly when disease prevalence is low. It also identifies non obstructive plaque…

…breathlessness, hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes…

…imbalance, direct myocardial injury, systemic illness, structural heart disease, or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated…

…Weight status BMI (kg/m2) Obesity class Disease risk Underweight <18.5 — — Healthy weight 18.5–24.9 — — Overweight 25.0–29.9 — Increased Obesity…

…Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed at stabilizing the broader atherosclerotic disease. Pathophysiology Mechanisms of acute coronary syndrome The major mechanisms…

…cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes…

…threatening conditions or injuries, including cardiac arrest, drowning, trauma, asphyxia and respiratory arrest. BLS can be provided by laymen, EMTs (emergency medical technicians), nurses, paramedics…

…confusion, impaired reflexes. Severe <115 mmol/L Seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia does not cause…

…Pericardiotomy can be curative, which is why it is important to detect the disease early in the course. Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart…

…electrode). Lead III occasionally displays a large isolated Q wave; this is called a respiratory Q wave, because its amplitude varies with respiration. Lead III…

…blood back to the heart. The respiratory depth (volume) increases and this reduces the intrathoracic pressure by increasing the intrathoracic volume. Reduced intrathoracic pressure will…

…tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) fulfills all criteria for sinus rhythm except for the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular. The…

…of atrial pressure. This is done by assessing the diameter of the vena cava inferior and whether the diameter varies during the respiratory cycle. Thus…