…the later the ECG is recorded, the greater the probability that the rhythm has deteriorated into PEA or asystole, and therefore the worse the prognosis…

…requirement SpO₂ 92–96% The pressure support is the difference between IPAP and EPAP, and it is this that does the work of ventilation — raising…

…respiratory system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…respiratory acidosis, if invasive ventilation is not immediately required. 8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that…

…several within a short period 24 to 72 hours Increasing autonomic hyperactivity and risk of complicated withdrawal 48 to 96 hours Delirium tremens with disorientation…

…a primary metabolic disturbance within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2]…

…a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly…

…13.3 kPa (≤ 100 mmHg) See the intensive care parameters for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients…

…which demonstrates that the majority of patients will not survive post resuscitation care. Among those who survive to hospitalization, 50 65% die within 24 hours …

…Contracting muscles function as a pump that propels blood back to the heart. The respiratory depth (volume) increases and this reduces the intrathoracic pressure by…

…mean that alveolar ventilation is already failing. A raised pCO₂, respiratory acidosis, a falling pH or a rising trend indicate exhaustion and impending respiratory arrest…

…The nasal cannula, the simple mask and the reservoir mask deliver an FiO2 that varies with the patient's minute ventilation: a markedly hyperventilating pati

…degrees — the fluid then collects anteriorly and inferiorly, which makes it easier to reach subxiphoid. Avoid sedation and positive pressure ventilation before decompression where possible…

…ventilation, airway protection, the expected course and the possibility of rapid reversal with an antidote. Intubation is recommended for neurological, respiratory or haemodynamic failure that…

…this is practicable. Give oxygen if hypoxaemic. Use a bag and mask if ventilation is inadequate. Monitor the saturation, respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate…

…in chest trauma and postoperatively. Emergency needle decompression: a clinical suspicion of tension pneumothorax in a haemodynamically or respiratorily unstable patient. Contraindications In tension pneumothorax…

…respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation…

…If an intervention has an NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. Number Needed to Treat (NNT) Basic life support…

…arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia fulfill all criteria for sinus rhythm except from the fact that the…

…invasively by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) greater than 20 mmHg. The haemodynamic phenotype is then determined using pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) and…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1…

… avoid morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of…

…the same formulation, as required every 4 hours. Recalculate the daily dose when more than three breakthrough doses per day are needed. Dose adjustment Situation…

…peritonitis or pancreatic ascites. Therapeutic paracentesis: Tense ascites with abdominal discomfort, early satiety or respiratory compromise. Diuretic refractory or diuretic intolerant ascites, as recurrent treatment…

Procedurer Spirometry is the only investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of…

…the respiratory tract. This process is not dose dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring in the setting of ACE inhibitor therapy is bradykinin mediated rather than mast…

…Data on the natural history of COVID 19 relies on small samples of hospitalized patients. Most reports have suggested that comorbidities – e.g. cardiovascular disease…

…coronary mechanisms that reduce oxygen supply include severe bradyarrhythmia, respiratory failure with severe hypoxaemia, severe anaemia, and hypotension or shock. Conversely, mechanisms that increase myocardial…

…Ebo et al ). Clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis Nervousness, anxiety. Dermatological: Pruritus Urticaria Respiratory: Dyspnea Bronchospasm, stridor, wheezing Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue…

…the ECG is only one of the parameters that must be evaluated and the final result of the test depends on an integrated assessment of…

…Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems designed to assist in cases of cardiac or respiratory failure by means of an extracorporeal pump and oxygenator…

…in bradycardia (Figure 1). Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non…

…quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all protocols…

…bronchospasm is real. Hypotension and haemodynamic instability. Respiratory compromise during an ongoing crisis. Distinguish the conditions instead by temporarily withdrawing the cholinesterase inhibitor, under monitoring…

…Duration Definition : : Acute Documented development within less than 48 hours Chronic At least 48 hours Unknown Treated as chronic with respect to the correction limits…

…Findings that suggest acute organ dysfunction Organ or system Finding : : CNS New confusion, disorientation, agitation, drowsiness or a reduced GCS Respiration A respiratory rate of…

…malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as…

…the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis include: Tachycardia Low systolic blood pressure Respiratory insufficiency, manifested by tachypnoea and…

Emergency medicine Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Framework Chest pain is a broad clinical syndrome rather than a narrowly defined symptom. It includes…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Role Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is a non invasive anatomical examination that depicts the coronary arterial lumen…

…myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin identifies injury to myocardial cells, but infarction requires additional clinical evidence that the injury resulted from acute myocardial ischaemia. Thus, a…

…respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal and psychological complications. Symptoms and conditions that should prompt assessment include: Hypertension Dyspnoea Exercise intolerance Congestive HF CAD Palpitations or suspected atrial…

…susceptible to disruption and thrombosis. Typical features include a lipid rich core, a thin fibrous cap, macrophage and foam cell accumulation, expansive or positive remodelling…

…can result in catastrophic demyelination of pontine neurons. Acute Hyponatremia (<48 hours duration): Rapid correction is preferred. An increase of 1 2 mEq/L per…

…is explained by the fact that high pressure in the right atrium leads to a decrease in atrial filling. Respiratory variations in E wave velocity…

…and deeper than normally occurring Q waves, and they are referred to as pathological Q waves. They typically emerge between 6 and 16 hours after…

…tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) fulfills all criteria for sinus rhythm except for the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular. The…

…the presence of right ventricular load. This condition implies that the right ventricle is pressure and/or volume loaded. The load itself leads to impaired…