…segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption. The remaining glucose is reabsorbed by SGLT1 in the S3…

…Estimating renal function Formula Used for : : CKD EPI 2021 (creatinine) The first choice for eGFR in adults Cystatin C based eGFR With an atypical muscle…

…conceal markedly reduced renal function. Acute kidney injury changes clearance from day to day. Reassess the dose daily and follow creatinine. Underdosing in sepsis is…

…interruption is governed by the bleeding risk of the procedure and by renal function. In markedly reduced renal function (dabigatran at eGFR <30 mL/min…

…to sinus rhythm. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Renal function biomarkers are essential in the evaluation and ongoing management of patients on sotalol. Because the drug…

[calc_mdrd] The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation for estimating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is: eGFR = 175 × (Scr)^ 1…

…min/1.73 m², cardiovascular mortality risk may be as much as three times higher than in individuals without comparable renal impairment. The cardiovascular burden…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…concentrate it. In older, malnourished, amputee or muscle wasted patients, an apparently normal creatinine may therefore correspond to markedly impaired renal function [3]. Urine output…

…monitoring. Emergency treatment is often warranted, particularly in an acute rise, renal failure, symptoms or continued potassium administration Severe At least 6.5 mmol/L…

…more stress, often corticosteroids, often impaired renal function. Prescribe basal insulin, mealtime insulin and the correction dose as three separate entries on the drug chart…

…principle Interpret the blood gas in the same order every time. Skipping a step is a common reason why mixed acid base disorders are missed…

…the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all protocols. Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure…

…normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal…

…1 g × 4 The basic analgesic; always give it in parallel unless contraindicated NSAID PO According to the preparation Avoid in renal failure, heart failure…

…renal failure or simply deterioration. The procedure itself is straightforward: ultrasound to find the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to…

…while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time to onset of action 50…

…BLED score is an acronym that stands for: H ypertension A bnormal renal/liver function S troke B leeding history or predisposition L abile INR…

…clinicians in balancing estimating the risks of bleeding. Components of the HEMORR₂HAGES Score The acronym HEMORR₂HAGES represents the following parameters: H epatic or renal disease…

…renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction) to provide a more personalized risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the…

…abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located below the renal arteries and are related to atherosclerotic disease. At least 90% of AAAs…

…field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors, which influence cardiac function primarily by affecting ventricular function, include…

…NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical…

…dipping (diabetes, renal failure, sleep apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are…

…follow up after one month, and at least annually thereafter, more often in impaired renal function. Red flags and pitfalls Atrial fibrillation with pre excit

…150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 % < 15 % indicates…

…lowering can worsen cerebral, coronary and renal perfusion, particularly in patients with long standing hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The term hypertensive…

…drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The…

…low dose Rarely used 0.5–3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilatation in the coronary, renal…

…and in patients with diabetes or renal failure the index may be falsely normal because of medial sclerosis — in that case add toe pressure measurement…

…renal colic, ischaemic pain, pancreatitis, major trauma. Postoperative pain. Cancer related pain and pain in the palliative phase. Severe breathlessness in the palliative phase (at…

…principles below 6 Stop anticoagulants in serious ongoing bleeding. Reverse selectively according to the drug, the last dose, the renal function and the severity of…

…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

…with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient. Perioperatively and postoperatively in…

…whether the treatment is safe is not the starting dose but the system around the patient : that the weekly dose is adjusted in small steps…

…et al. Bleeding risk in ‘real world’ patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison of two established bleeding prediction schemes in a nationwide cohort. J Thromb Haemost…

…Catapress TTS 3 (0.3 mg/24hrs) Dosage in renal failure and renal replacement therapy: Dose as in normal renal function Adverse effects Excessive sedation…

…Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe hyperkalemia. • Avoid in acute heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Enalaprilat doses and administration in hypertension…

…dose Rarely used Low dose : 0.5 3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces vasodilation in coronary, renal…

…dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution • Used cautiously in patients…

…Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements…

…50 times those found in plasma. Plasma clearance is low, renal excretion is negligible, and doses do not require reduction in patients with renal disease…

…anticoagulation, renal function, age, comorbidity, and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary angiography occur in approximately 2% of patients. Serious…

…systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral interstitial edema. These abnormalities produce breathlessness, orthopnea, weight gain, peripheral edema, early satiety, abdominal distension and, in some patients, bendopnea…

…alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as renal failure)…

…hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute hs cTn…

…encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in renal function. By contrast, hypertensive urgency describes severe hypertension without clinical evidence of acute…

…may provide information comparable to BNP and NT proBNP in heart failure (HF). The biologically active natriuretic peptides promote vasodilation, renal sodium and water excretion…

…rate reducing effect in selected circumstances. Ivabradine undergoes extensive first pass hepatic metabolism through CYP3A4. Dose adjustment is required in severe hepatic or renal impairment…

…proinflammatory cytokines and C reactive protein. Increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio reflects altered endothelial and renal pathophysiology in insulin resistance. Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Fatty Liver…

…treatment. Reported risks of myocardial infarction, stroke, end stage renal disease, and death may be two to six fold higher in affected adults. True, apparent…

…should be considered in every patient with newly diagnosed or referred hypertension, with particular vigilance when the clinical history includes hypokalaemia. Endocrine disorders account for…

…Inherited connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be clinically occult and can affect multiple vascular territories, including the renal…

…and outcome assessment. Predisposing factors Domain Factors associated with stent thrombosis Clinical Acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, heart failure, hypercoagulability, prior brachytherapy Antiplatelet…

…atrial appendage, although competing mechanisms such as large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel disease may also contribute to stroke in patients with AF. Stroke risk…

…syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as…

…In scenarios where an antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal…

…Age, sex and renal function affect baseline troponin levels. Troponin levels are up to 3 fold higher in healthy elderly compared with healthy young individuals…

…cardiac action potential may be altered by electrolyte imbalance, owing to changes in intra and extracellular electrolyte concentrations. Some electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from…

…abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial space. It can be caused by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space…