CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with rapid intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis…

…underlying pathophysiology varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal…

…Lathundar About this quick reference Treatment protocols differ between regions. Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care…

…protocols & equipment: cycle ergometer (bicycle) vs. treadmill The choice of exercise equipment and protocol depends mainly on local traditions. The treadmill and cycle ergometer (bicycle)…

…laboratory may differ between Swedish regions. Always follow the local PCI and thrombolysis protocol where it specifies another approved regimen. The first 10 minutes 1…

…The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or…

…circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated withdrawal varies between regions and units. Follow the local protocol for choice of drug…

…doses and include an initial high dose phase. Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and the local protocol. See the pulmonary embolism quick reference for…

…Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation, at an energy level according to the local protocol. An anticoagulant is given as soon as possible, but must…

…value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding…

…count before insertion differ between regions and departments — follow local protocol. Severe lung disease or a contralateral pneumothorax: avoid the subclavian and jugular routes on…

…life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long…

…high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in inpatients…

…where needed, coagulation expertise at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and…

…the INR does not predict bleeding risk in paracentesis. Follow the local protocol Ileus with distended bowel loops Ultrasound guidance mandatory; choose another site Scars…

…unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to the local protocol. Alternatives when there is a contraindication: catheter directed treatment…

…and infusion rates may differ. Always follow the current hospital protocol and check the strength and the maximum infusion rate. Rapid overview Time from seizure…

…propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable…

…The decision thresholds are assay specific — follow the local 0/1 hour protocol NT proBNP < 125 ng/L (< 300 in acute dyspnoea) A…

…provider. 5. Confirm delirium with a structured instrument , for example the 4AT or the CAM according to local protocol. 6. Look for several concurrent causes…

…and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of rebound. The…

…status, the concentration, the dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing. Basic principles of treatment The patient should be managed in an emergency department…

…aspiration with a fine needle is tolerated at considerably worse values. Follow the local protocol. Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array or linear…

…mmol sodium bicarbonate per mL) for bolus and infusion, and glucose 50 mg/mL as carrier solution according to local protocol. Potassium chloride for infusion…

…arterial disease, in whom AAA has been reported with a substantial cumulative incidence. The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol…

…exclude significant anatomical CAD with high sensitivity and a high negative predictive value, particularly when disease prevalence is low. It also identifies non obstructive plaque…

…in ischemic events or stent thrombosis. Stable coronary disease and elective PCI For chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI, the standard DAPT duration is…

…should include review of modifiable risk factors and associated disease. The supplied material does not specify a diagnostic physical examination protocol or characteristic examination findings…

…to acquire images in the left lateral decubitus position. This affects images obtained in apical windows (refer to Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram: Complete Imaging Protocol). Nevertheless…