…arterial disease, in whom AAA has been reported with a substantial cumulative incidence. The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol…

…Patients with significant heart disease (known or unknown) may not achieve the expected maximum heart rate and it may be hazardous to push them towards…

…sarcoidosis, rheumatic heart disease, connective tissue disease, eosinophilic myocarditis), toxins (alcohol, cocaine, cancer therapies), or physical reactions (radiation therapy), frequently involves the conduction system. In…

…Table 1. Classification of causes of cardiac arrest according to the Utstein protocol. Figure 1. Data from the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Registry (SCRR), showing presumed…

…propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable…

…not the subclavian. Thresholds for INR and platelet count before insertion differ between regions and departments — follow local protocol. Severe lung disease or a contralateral…

…circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated withdrawal varies between regions and units. Follow the local protocol for choice of drug…

…First choice in most cases The IV dose is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When…

…thresholds in the stable, non bleeding patient Patient category Transfusion threshold (Hb) : : Most stable adult inpatients, including intensive care 70 g/L Known cardiovascular disease…

…Give hydrocortisone and an isotonic crystalloid. Exact doses according to the local protocol. Tapering after pharmacological treatment Duration and dose Risk of HPA suppression Tapering…

…for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication…

…control of the bleeding. Activate the protocol in Activation must be based on an overall assessment, not on a single threshold value. The combination of…

…management may be considered The sPESI (simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease…

…acquisition has reduced radiation exposure compared with earlier techniques. Radiation exposure depends on the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low…

…should include review of modifiable risk factors and associated disease. The supplied material does not specify a diagnostic physical examination protocol or characteristic examination findings…

…troponin T < 14 ng/L The decision thresholds are assay specific — follow the local 0/1 hour protocol NT proBNP < 125 ng/L…

…stent thrombosis. Stable coronary disease and elective PCI For chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI, the standard DAPT duration is six months, usually with…

Echocardiography The standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are…

…shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic conditions. Treatment must be guided by the clinical response and by…

…and the PCI laboratory may differ between Swedish regions. Always follow the local PCI and thrombolysis protocol where it specifies another approved regimen. The first…

…or when thrombectomy can start at the earliest after 6 hours, according to the local protocol MRI of the brain DWI FLAIR mismatch can be…

…hours should have elapsed since the last dose before an invasive procedure. Exact intervals according to the local protocol or the on call coagulation service…

…12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in inpatients. Hypoglycaemia on the ward is…

…or platelets are not needed — the INR does not predict bleeding risk in paracentesis. Follow the local protocol Ileus with distended bowel loops Ultrasound guidance…

…and infusion rates may differ. Always follow the current hospital protocol and check the strength and the maximum infusion rate. Rapid overview Time from seizure…

…local protocol. 6. Look for several concurrent causes. In older patients delirium is often multifactorial. 7. Start non pharmacological treatment immediately , in parallel with the…

…Check the local formulary, the licensing status, the concentration, the dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing. Basic principles of treatment The patient should…

…aspiration with a fine needle is tolerated at considerably worse values. Follow the local protocol. Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array or linear…

…Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol in uncontrolled bleeding, shock or a rapid transfusion requirement 10 With impaired consciousness, an inability to protect the airway…

…mmol sodium bicarbonate per mL) for bolus and infusion, and glucose 50 mg/mL as carrier solution according to local protocol. Potassium chloride for infusion…

…difficult to acquire images in the left lateral decubitus position. This affects images obtained in apical windows (refer to Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram: Complete Imaging Protocol)…