…complications and rupture. Aneurysmal sacs may contain mural thrombus, which can contribute to peripheral embolization and may reduce the apparent luminal diameter on contrast aortography…

…min according to the equations above, it may actually be anywhere between 140 and 180 beats per minute. Patients with significant heart disease (known or…

…and hyperkalemia. When bradycardia occurs in the context of inflammatory heart disease, it often reflects myocardial pathology that may also reduce myocardial contractility and cause…

…Table 1. Classification of causes of cardiac arrest according to the Utstein protocol. Figure 1. Data from the Swedish Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Registry (SCRR), showing presumed…

…propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable…

…differ between regions and departments — follow local protocol. Severe lung disease or a contralateral pneumothorax: avoid the subclavian and jugular routes on the healthy side…

…circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated withdrawal varies between regions and units. Follow the local protocol for choice of drug…

…ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary oedema. Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation, at an energy level according to the local protocol…

…and the serological crossmatch have a limited period of validity — usually about five days — because new antibodies can form after transfusion or pregnancy. Check the…

…long period, according to the local protocol Psychiatric symptoms Sleep disturbance, hypomania, confusion. Commonest early on and at high doses Muscle weakness Steroid myopathy, with…

…for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication…

…APTT and fibrinogen. 7. Give tranexamic acid where it is indicated. 8. Proceed in parallel to definitive control of the bleeding. Activate the protocol in…

…Follow the Swedish medicines compendium (FASS) and the local protocol. Low molecular weight heparin is the first choice in pregnancy and an alternative in cancer…

…on the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low dose, approximately 1–2 mSv, while contemporary combined coronary, pulmonary, and aortic…

…modifiable risk factors and associated disease. The supplied material does not specify a diagnostic physical examination protocol or characteristic examination findings. Diagnostics and laboratory findings…

…in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once the patient has recovered. Pitfalls Haemolysis raises the potassium, LDH and AST and lowers the haptoglobin…

…therapy require clinical surveillance for both recurrent ischemia and bleeding. The source material does not specify a symptom based surveillance protocol. Evaluation and risk asse

…optimization and requires experience, patience, and correct instrumentation settings. Technical aspects of optimization of image quality have been discussed previously (refer to Optimization of the…

…pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS…

…between the ambulance service, the emergency department and the PCI laboratory may differ between Swedish regions. Always follow the local PCI and thrombolysis protocol where…

…protocol MRI of the brain DWI FLAIR mismatch can be used for selection with an unknown time of onset when MRI is immediately available and…

…from the atrial fibrillation doses and include an initial high dose phase. Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and the local protocol. See the pulmonary…

…meal and at bedtime Enteral or parenteral nutrition Insulin is needed around the clock. A continuous infusion or repeated doses, according to the local protocol…

…Pregnancy, previous extensive abdominal surgery Ultrasound guidance; choose a new site if in doubt Cellulitis over the insertion site Change the puncture site Preparation and…

…of drug, formulations and infusion rates may differ. Always follow the current hospital protocol and check the strength and the maximum infusion rate. Rapid overview…

…local protocol. 6. Look for several concurrent causes. In older patients delirium is often multifactorial. 7. Start non pharmacological treatment immediately , in parallel with the…

…phentolamine and sodium nitroprusside. Availability may change. Check the local formulary, the licensing status, the concentration, the dilution instructions and the local protocol before prescribing…

…needle is tolerated at considerably worse values. Follow the local protocol. Preparation and equipment Ultrasound with a curved array or linear probe. Sterile clothing: gown…

…the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis, or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and…

…MCPA) and methotrexate overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation…

…difficult to acquire images in the left lateral decubitus position. This affects images obtained in apical windows (refer to Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram: Complete Imaging Protocol)…