…the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive…

…or erosion of a vulnerable (unstable) atherosclerotic coronary plaque. Upon such damage, the plaque exposes highly thrombogenic materials which activate circulating platelets and coagulation factors…

…the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and platelets. Observational data from trauma suggest a lower overall mortality after such protocols are…

…intravascular coagulation or clinically overt bleeding Refrain until the condition has been corrected Marked coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Routine plasma or platelets are not needed — the…

…occlusion of a previously atherosclerotic artery. Plaque erosion or rupture exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere, become activated, and aggregate through glycoprotein IIb…

…age × AST) / (platelets × √ALT) < 1.3 excludes advanced fibrosis; 2.67 strongly suggests it APRI (AST/upper limit) / platelets × 100 1.0 suggests fibrosis…

…Interference with Platelet Function Test for Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT): False negative results in platelet function tests (including HIPA test) for HIT have been reported…

…medication Visual disturbance Persistent severe epigastric pain Pulmonary oedema Thrombocytopenia, with platelets <100 × 10⁹/L Renal insufficiency, with creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Hepatic impairment…

…or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation, recurrent coronary occlusion…

…and platelet aggregation. Because aspirin affects only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet…

…receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aspirin irreversibly…

…reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus. The clinical spectrum includes unstable angina…

…by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet counts, followed by compression. Infection in the skin overlying…

…not the subclavian. Thresholds for INR and platelet count before insertion differ between regions and departments — follow local protocol. Severe lung disease or a contralateral…

…Ongoing anticoagulant treatment or marked coagulopathy. A platelet count below 50 × 10⁹/L is often quoted as the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions…

…unstable or frequent blood gases are needed 3 Blood grouping and cross matching. Order red cells early with ongoing major bleeding 4 Tests: haemoglobin, platelet…

…1 point) M alignancy (1 point) O lder age ( 75 years) (1 point) R educed platelet count or function (1 point) R e bleeding risk…

…hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet related pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and…

…and elastic tissue, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina, and superimposed platelet and fibrin rich thrombus. Lesions preferentially occur at arterial branch points, where disturbed…

…on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)…

…also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and coronary microcirculation. Endothelial dysfunction promotes leukocyte and platelet activation and interaction. Thrombotic debris may worsen microvascular obstruction…

…predominantly platelet rich because they form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet…

…and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Thrombi formed via erosion are typically platelet rich and less occlusive, often presenting clinically as Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…in chest trauma and postoperatively. Emergency needle decompression: a clinical suspicion of tension pneumothorax in a haemodynamically or respiratorily unstable patient. Contraindications In tension pneumothorax…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…including: Unstable angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous…

…by intracellular cholesterol accumulation. Consequently, macrophages indiscriminately phagocytose oxLDL until they become engorged with lipid droplets, transforming into characteristic foam cells. The accumulation of these…