…role is to convey what the deceased person themselves thought. This does not diminish the importance of the conversation: the next of kin must be…

…risk equivalent who were receiving statins, inclisiran produced a further reduction in LDL C of approximately 50%. The effect was consistent in patients with and…

…trial participants who were described as frail generally had no more than mild frailty, limiting the applicability of trial findings to people with substantial functional…

…The specificity of absent pupillary reflex for predicting a poor neurological outcome was 68.8%. This implies that approximately one third of the patients who…

…clinical evaluation, cardiac investigations, genetic counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases…

…controlled study of 13,970 patients at high cardiovascular risk who were unable or unwilling to take statins. Approximately 70% were in secondary prevention and…

…132 patients who unexpectedly experienced sudden cardiac arrest while being monitored with Holter ECG (the indications were palpitations, chest pain, syncope, etc.). The results were…

…Patients aged 18 to 70, who received bystander CPR and initially presented with a ventricular arrhythmia without return of spontaneous circulation within 15 minutes, were…

…and, where relevant, whether leads are unipolar or bipolar. Implantation history and current indication. Device function and battery status. Whether the patient is pacemaker dependent…

…which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface…

…a distinct disease. It identifies patients whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension…

…the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, premature death, recurrent infarction and limb threatening complications. Among patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who…

…steroids Note them on the request form — they can themselves cause HPA suppression and are often the very question at issue A patient who needs…

…in the size of the thrombus. This means that a patient who experienced chest pain at home may be asymptomatic during the assessment in the…

…with elevated BP who do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal risk tool…

…Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while…

…status and walking capacity, because these may reveal “masked” PAD in patients who do not exert themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication…

…Follow the local definition where one exists, but a neutropenic patient who is clinically unwell must be managed as an emergency even at a lower…

…during the stressful circumstances surrounding a sudden cardiac arrest, uncertainty may arise with regard to no flow time, low flow time, patient preferences, patient background…

…by the fact that there are no means of determining what phase the patient is in. The three phases following a sudden cardiac arrest were…

…Where blood pressure is more than 20/10 mmHg above the treatment goal, lifestyle and pharmacological treatment should be initiated concurrently. In patients with a…

…a ready made plan for what happens when the INR runs away or the patient bleeds. In Sweden the treatment is usually managed from an…

…patients with chest discomfort who display ST segment depressions in leads V1–V3 are likely have posterior transmural ischemia and should be managed as STE…

…infarction) who present with right bundle branch block typically also have a fascicular block. This condition is referred to as bifascicular block. The anterior fascicle…

…the former, a COPD exacerbation with carbon dioxide retention for the latter. The treatment is also time limited by its very nature: a patient who…

…centrally in the visual axis requiring an operating microscope. Relative: A patient who cannot keep the gaze still. A deeply embedded body reaching the stroma…

…asked of a patient who is haemodynamically stable enough for there to be time to ask it. Indications Wide complex tachycardia where ventricular tachycardia must…

…reliably. Conditions in which oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation (see below). Oxygen does not relieve breathlessness in a patient who is not hypoxaemic…

…reduced food intake Insulin pump The patient manages the pump themselves where possible. In impaired consciousness or DKA: remove the pump and change to an…

…until the next flush. Assess the pain both at rest and on movement . A patient who is pain free lying still but screams when turned…

…patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access is not immediately available. Shock, severe trauma, burns or status epilepticus when…

…the cholinesterase inhibitor, under monitoring in a setting where the airway can be secured. Preparation and equipment Edrophonium 10 mg/mL, 1 mL (named patient…

…the intent of performing PCI. The COACT, PEARL and TOMAHAWK trials studied patients with ROSC who did not display ST segment elevations and randomized them…

…taken some time between the ages of 64 and 70 depending on when the previous one was taken. A woman who has only been screened…

…hemodynamically and respiratory) and fully conscious patients who experienced a brief cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation care is an integral component of the chain of survival…

…73 m². Recalculate in patients who are markedly larger or smaller than average. Higher doses may be required in the critically ill patient. Intravenous antibiotics…

…in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants. It was developed in 2010, using data from the EuroHeart survey. Components of the HAS…

…Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and is also a…

…the recommended goal is: LDL C <1.4 mmol/L (<55 mg/dL); and A reduction of at least 50% from baseline. In patients who…

…is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency setting to…

…beta blockers actually increase chronotropic competency in patients with heart failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure…

…Myocardial Infarction Ticagrelor 60 mg twice daily is the recommended dose for extended treatment for patients who had a heart attack at least a year…

…This approach fails to identify a substantial subset of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who do not meet the established ECG criteria for STEMI…

…All patients with severe acute heart failure who receive levosimendan should be monitored invasively (e.g. arterial line, PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects…

…The incidence is 10–34% among patients with premature ventricular contractions and/or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia who are referred for electrophysiological evaluation (Hasdemir et al…

…for at least 72 hours for as long as the unconsciousness persists. An awake patient who obeys commands after ROSC needs no targeted temperature management…

…surgery Relevant patient category 27.5 mm/m 2 Turner syndrome 40 mm • Patients with mutations in TGFBR1, TGFBR2 or Loes Dietz syndrome, who have…

…includes stable patients who are not low risk but have either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of…

…wave duration are minimally changed. The sinus rate may decrease in heart failure patients whose left ventricular performance is improved by the drug, but indiv

…during hospitalization. Patients who develop shock often have severe multivessel coronary disease and progressive, “piece meal” necrosis extending beyond the original infarct zone. Coronary Occlusion…

…Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form of statin therapy after systematic reassessment and rechallenge. The principal manifestation is statin associated muscle…

…instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to have complete LMCA occlusion, likely…

…of the age adjusted maximum heart rate (MHR) is sufficient to provoke overt ischemic signs during stress testing (Bourque et al.). Thus, patients who undergo…

…or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients should be carefully balanced against the potential risks resulting…

…which seeks to prevent the development of cardiovascular risk factors themselves, and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events…

…When elevated troponin levels are confirmed in patients with STE ACS, the condition is classified as STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction) . When elevated troponin levels…

…The designation "Heart Failure with improved Ejection Fraction" (HFimpEF) is now applied to patients with a baseline LVEF ≤40% who have experienced a ≥10 point…

…can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even when functional testing is normal. Probability categories The source material…

…Patients who have been prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin should be instructed in its appropriate use, although specific dosing instructions are not provided in the source material…

…patients who develop serious arrhythmias during spontaneous episodes represent a higher risk subgroup. Evaluation and physical examination The cardiac examination is usually normal when the…