…reduced level of consciousness, is having seizures or cannot swallow. 5. If there is no intravenous access, give glucagon and establish access at the same…

…tendon. Measure in the same way as on the arm. 4. Posterior tibial artery — behind the medial malleolus. Measure. 5. Repeat on the other leg…

…many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory support . At the same time…

…and on call physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time…

…drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken? Is the patient on an inhaled corticosteroid or other anti inflammatory treatment? Previous intensive care, intubati

…The first hour Step Action : : 1 ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness, and repeated assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the…

…always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage on the ECG…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…a premature ventricular contraction. Classification of premature ventricular contractions When every other beat on the ECG is a premature ventricular complex (PVC), the rhythm is…

…with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. The inspiratory increase in right…

…falls, and functional deterioration may have greater consequences in frail patients. Clinical Assessment Frailty and Functional Status Treatment decisions should not be based on age…

…be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment in ischaemic stroke, Nationell arbetsgrupp…

…has an abrupt onset, although a brief warm up phase lasting approximately 5 to 10 seconds may precede the full tachycardia. It is characterized by…

…of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1…

…60–90 % For acute severe hypoxaemia. Fill the bag before applying the mask Venturi mask 2–15 L/min depending on the valve 24, 28…

…when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care professionals. The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g., with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and…

…uniform across the HFmrEF population. Some patients have a pathophysiological profile closer to HFrEF, whereas others have features overlapping with HFpEF, including abnormalities of LV…

Njurmedicin Lathundar Acute management on call Acute kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine…

…numerous books and online resources fall into the trap of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their…

…is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable angina (UA) represents myocardial…

…2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based on symptoms, the ECG…

…High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should…

…skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…kidney function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease…

…stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the…

…Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation, at an energy level according to the local protocol. An anticoagulant is given as soon as possible, but must…

…fail to demonstrate plaque disruption, intraluminal thrombus, or dissection. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can reveal lesions that are not apparent on…

…upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not…

…and other factors (potentially also genetic predisposition) interact to trigger ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. These factors interact and vary over time. Some factors vary…

…1. Assess airway, breathing and circulation. 2. Assess the neurological symptoms and at the same time exclude other acute causes, for example hypoglycaemia, poisoning, stroke…

…with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption…

…This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding…

…alcohol exposure the nervous system adapts through reduced GABA mediated inhibition and increased glutamatergic activity. When the alcohol level suddenly falls, the compensatory excitation remains…

…in which the patient reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient…

…waves (in absence of bradycardia) may indicate ischemia. If U waves were present on previous recording, the amplitude must be increased in order to suggest…

…on healthy donor platelets in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor treatment is required for interpreting platelet function tests for HIT. Other cosiderations Based on…

…Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease…

…C) is the principal therapeutic target in lipid management because LDL and other apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins play a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…cured on the spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other…

…caution in patients on low dose acetylsalicylic acid for cardioprotection. Pharmacokinetic interactions Methotrexate: NSAIDs inhibit tubular secretion of methotrexate, increasing plasma levels and risk of…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…only one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and…

…peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack…

…5–10%, although some series report 10–20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively…

…high cholesterol levels, among other risk factors, were strongly associated with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation…

…syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…Expected effects on death, myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical…

…or arteries supplying the limbs. In adults over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia…

…most cardiac conditions may be associated with atrial flutter. As compared with several other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals…

…cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy. Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest…

…be performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include…

…two different sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave…

…administration. Radiotracers with higher levels of redistribution can move from areas of higher concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences…

…1 A ). Concave ST segment elevations, on the other hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular…

Referensvärden BMI is a population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no…