…at least one hour Neutropenia A neutrophil count below 0.5 × 10⁹/L, or below 1.0 × 10⁹/L with an expected fall to below…

…Impaired consciousness. Synchronised cardioversion under sedation, at an energy level according to the local protocol. An anticoagulant is given as soon as possible, but must…

…tests, and versatile study tools. From basic cardiac physiology to the nuanced strategies of evidence based management, this book and course have been meticulously crafted…

…sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish isolated myocardial injury from…

…periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage on…

…recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria for ischaemic myocardial infarction. It…

…for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

Procedurer Aspirate and biopsy answer different questions and do not replace one another: the aspirate shows cellular morphology and provides material for flow cytometry and…

…hypertension, CKD and CVD reinforce one another. Dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes to inflammatory and metabolic abnormalities, while CKD promotes vascular and myocardial disease through direct…

…which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1. Methods to open the airway…

…obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque disruption…

…oxygen from collateral vessels. In cardiac arrest, there is no cerebral perfusion, with an equal degree of hypoxia in all neurons. There is one fundamental…

…Thus, although a smaller number of older patients may need treatment to prevent one adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may…

…of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability. HFmrEF may therefore represent…

…life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood…

…Some factors vary from second to second (e.g. degree of ischemia, parasympathetic and sympathetic tone) while others take months or years to develop (e…

…physical impairment and needs help from another person Level 3 can occur even when the glucose has already begun to rise by the time it…

…CYP2C9 variants) (1 point) E xcessive fall risk (1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient…

…rapid fall from 140 to 125 mmol/L can cause marked symptoms [4]. Grade Plasma sodium : : Mild 130 to 134 mmol/L Moderate 125 to…

…5. Repeat on the other leg. If the signal is uncertain or borderline, the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus…

Lungmedicin Akutsjukvård Lathundar Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and…

…other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately…

…with bipolar electrocautery performed away from the device and with monopolar electrocautery below the umbilicus. Nevertheless, perioperative planning should be individualized according to the patient…

…has an abrupt onset, although a brief warm up phase lasting approximately 5 to 10 seconds may precede the full tachycardia. It is characterized by…

…premature ventricular contractions When every other beat on the ECG is a premature ventricular complex (PVC), the rhythm is referred to as PVC in bigeminy…

…done without losing time. 7. Perform urgent CT of the brain and CT angiography from the aortic arch to the vertex. 8. Contact the thrombectomy…

Procedurer Emptying the stomach has gone from routine to exception. Activated charcoal — in Sweden usually called medicinal charcoal — is the first line measure in decontamination…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

…oxygen saturation falls to approximately 60%, leading to unconsciousness. The myocardium responds to hypoxia by downregulating metabolism and thus contractility (a consistent finding in acute…

…infarction. Sinus Node Dysfunction (SND) – Sinus node dysfunction implies that the cells of the sinoatrial node are defective and fail to generate electrical impulses. Side…

…sterile gown, sterile gloves and a large full body drape. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia, normal saline to flush all lumens, suture material…

…orientation to the surroundings Other cognitive disturbance Disorientation, memory impairment, disorganised thinking, language disturbance or perceptual disturbance Organic cause The condition can be linked to…

…attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie down or sit…

…epilepticus should raise strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three days but can start…

…order to suggest ischemia. Inverted U waves are even more typical of ischemia (but the sensitivity is low). U wave changes always accompany other ischemic…

…without interruption as continuation treatment after the initial one year treatment with Ticagrelor 90 mg or treatment with another adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitor for…

…dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…by switching to anaerobic metabolism. This is possible because cardiac myocytes store glycogen (a storage form of glucose) which can be used to produce ATP…

…vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus, nausea and difficulty walking that has lasted hours to days — to distinguish vestibular neuritis from posterior circulation infarction. The test presupposes…

…needed. Valproic acid: Acetylsalicylic acid may reduce valproate binding to serum albumin, increasing free plasma levels. Phenytoin: Salicylates reduce phenytoin binding to plasma albumin, but…

…non fatal ischaemic stroke, and vascular death from 8.2% to 6.7% per year. The relative reductions were approximately 31% for non fatal MI…

…Their clinical importance arises from the causal role of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and other apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…Across the updated systematic review, absolute reductions in major ASCVD events ranged from 0.8% to 2.5%. In people with a 10 year cardiovascular…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen, or epigastrium. Dyspnoea, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, fatigue, faintness, and other symptoms may occur…

…with homozygous FH typically die from acute myocardial infarction at 20 to 30 years of age. People with familial hypercholesterolemia have no other metabolic aberration…

…usually with aspirin and clopidogrel. Shortening therapy to one to three months is an option when bleeding risk is very high. Prasugrel or ticagrelor may…

…kidneys, or other vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in…

…and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator…

…loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other arterial territories and to initiate secondary prevention. Clinical assessment should…

…other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial flutter does not occur among otherwise healthy individuals. Atrial flutter causes characteristic ECG changes, as discussed below. Atrial flutter tends to…

…Biventricular hypertrophy ECG In case the ECG or other examinations suggest left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), one should suspect concomitant right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) if the…

…with factors striving to lysate the thrombus (pro thrombolytic factors). The balance between pro thrombogenic and pro thrombolytic factors varies from one minute to another…

…spectral curve (Figure 2), which is explained by the fact that all velocities (from zero to maximum) are recorded along the Doppler line. Figure 2…

…administration. Radiotracers with higher levels of redistribution can move from areas of higher concentration to regions with lower concentration, for reasons other than perfusion differences…

…strong enough to be detected on leads with opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents, and inhibit them from being…

…atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles. The atria and the ventricles are electrically dissociated from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular …

…a population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no account of fat…