…health effects of hypertension are devastating. Due to the simplicity of diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most…

…with ECG may reveal atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation is too often discovered first at hospital admission due to its complications (stroke, thromboembolism, heart failure…

…during diastole. (a) = active atrial filling; (b) = increased atrial pressure due to bulging of mitral valve into the left atrium, when valve closes;…

…European populations, waist circumference above 94 cm in men or 80 cm in women is considered indicative of obesity or excess abdominal adiposity. Ethnic specific…

…The global burden of obesity is increasingly defined by its cardiovascular consequences. In 2015, high body mass index (BMI) was linked to approximately 4.0…

…hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their…

…Chinese and Japanese origin, lower thresholds apply: overweight from a BMI of 23 and obesity from 27.5, because cardiometabolic risk appears at a lower…

…are routinely missed. The third thing to know by heart is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous…

…every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O according to tolerance and pCO₂ SpO₂ 88–92% Obesity hypoventilation Bilevel NIV IPAP 14–16 and EPAP…

…manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so, that are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying…

Referensvärden The normal values below apply to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10…

…kills because the tube would not pass, but because the team keeps trying to intubate instead of changing the plan. The aim is always oxygenation…

…estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone. It is particularly informative when triglyceride rich lipoproteins are increased, as commonly occurs with obesity, diabetes, prediabetes…

…functional ventricular abnormalities and progressive neurohormonal activation. The therapeutic rationale for disease modifying treatment is to reduce mortality, prevent recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure…

…1.73 m², excess urinary albumin excretion—typically a spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) above 30 mg/g—or both. The eGFR is…

…or visceral, adipose tissue is more closely related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist…

…amplifies cardiovascular and all cause mortality. The excess risk is mediated by the combined effects of hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and other conventional risk…

…the main drivers of heart failure). It is believed that the aging population, and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart…

…the main drivers of heart failure). It is believed that the aging population, and increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and dysglycemia are propelling the heart…

…red marrow is abundant, and the distance to vessels and abdominal organs is large. The sternum may be used for aspiration when the iliac crest…

…hyoid to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage M allampati Class III–IV indicates increased risk O bstruction/Obesity Stridor, pharyngeal swelling, obesity N…

…z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the fifth percentile) has been recommended in preference to fixed percentage thresholds…

…reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect, not according to total body weight Concomitant benzodiazepine A markedly increased…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…States. In the United States, approximately one in four female deaths is attributed to CVD. The cardiovascular burden in women includes coronary heart disease, heart…

…methods may also contribute. The cardioprotective effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide…

…Hypertension and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is increasingly recognised as…

…heterogeneous rather than a single pathophysiologic entity. Hypertension and diabetes contribute to its development, and obesity is increasingly recognized as an important contributor. Older age…

…markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch. Atrial natriuretic peptide is…

…at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations is associated with lower ASCVD risk. Atherogenic particle burden is not completely…

…elevated LDL cholesterol, obesity and smoking. Its purpose is to limit both the intensity and duration of exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. Primary prevention Primary…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms…

…In this model, systemic comorbidities (obesity, hypertension, diabetes) induce a chronic, systemic proinflammatory state. This circulating inflammation leads to coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction, characterized by…

…Data from the TRED HF trial demonstrated that withdrawal of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in these patients leads to a high rate of relapse…

Cardiology Pulmonary embolism occurs when venous thrombi embolize to the pulmonary artery or its branches. In the majority of cases, the thrombus is formed in…