…with older maternal age at first childbirth and the rising prevalence of obesity. Gestational hypertension is defined in the supplied guideline material as blood pressure…

…diabetes and obesity become increasingly prevalent after the menopausal transition. Women with type 2 diabetes also have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and death…

…Depression, low self esteem or body image disturbance The number and severity of obesity related complications generally increase as the degree of obesity rises. Nevertheless…

…sex and salt intake. Population blood pressure increases in parallel with economic development and industrialization. The increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, the rapid…

…many units to assess the collateral circulation, but the test does not reliably predict ischaemic complications and should not decide the matter on its own…

…abnormalities, HF and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but…

…Complications of atrial fibrillation and available treatments In multivariable models (i.e statistical models in which adjustment has been made for confounders) individuals with atrial…

…is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s…

…is now the most frequent complication of diabetes ( Shah et al, McMurray et al ). Management of heart failure progressed rapidly during the 1970s and 1980s…

…al). Recommended reading: MetDis Database of Obesity Trials. Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes The global burden of obesity is increasingly defined by its cardiovascular consequences. In…

…compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement Calculation Threshold : : : Waist–hip ratio Waist / hip Men 0.90, women 0.85 = abdominal obesity Waist…

…the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O according to tolerance and pCO₂ SpO₂ 88–92% Obesity…

…It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus, nausea and difficulty walking that has lasted hours to days — to distinguish…

…repolarisation: J point elevation ≥ 1 mm with notching or slurring in the inferolateral leads. See also the Calculators section for QTc formulas and risk scores.

…is a compromise and does not protect the airway completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy…

…apoB) and non high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL C) are complementary measures of atherogenic lipoprotein burden. Their clinical importance arises from the causal role…

…or treatable causes. The source material identifies coronary disease, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, arrhythmias, thyroid disease, iron deficiency and anaemia, kidney dysfunction…

…CKD to cardiovascular disease The association is mediated by both traditional and kidney specific pathways. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking and increasing age are common…

…is associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability, while obesity and hypertension together promote left ventricular hypertrophy and kidney injury. The syndrome is therefore both…

…overweight/obesity, and the elderly ( Pieske et al ). Figure 1. Myocardial motion during (A) systole and (B) diastole. Physiology and phases of diastole Diastole is…

…alternative in marked obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent…

…obesity N eck mobility Reduced neck mobility, a cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12…

…100 mmHg) See the intensive care parameters for ventilator settings. Oxygen targets Aim for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 …

…Start at half the adult dose and lengthen the interval Liver failure A reduced dose and a longer interval for all opioids Obesity Dose according…

…obesity with hypoventilation, neuromuscular disease, marked chest wall deformity, severe bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Here a lower target range and controlled delivery apply — not the…

…hepatic fat synthesis, adipocyte function and metabolic expenditure. Consequently, obesity is only one pathway through which diet affects cardiovascular health; dietary changes can improve cardiometabolic…

…the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is increasingly recognised as a potential contributor. Coronary artery disease is particularly relevant in HFmrEF and…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements…

…both reduced clearance and the high prevalence of structural heart disease in this population. Obesity is associated with lower than expected BNP and NT proBNP…

…with established clinical ASCVD require LDL C lowering to reduce recurrent major cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease events and mortality. The

…abdominal obesity, and diabetes. Behavioural factors also make a substantial contribution to all cause mortality, while low educational attainment contributes materially to overall risk. The…

…factors for the 5 serious etiologies Family history (focus on ischemic heart disease, aortic dissection, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax). Hypertension. Smoking. Dyslipidemia (hyperlipidemia). Obesity and/or…

…vascular stiffening, and distinct microvascular responses to systemic inflammation [7] . The dominant risk factors for HFpEF include hypertension (present in 80% of cases), obesity, type…

…increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) remain the most potent population…

…hypercoagulability, and pregnancy are common risk factors (see Risk factors below). A significant proportion of cases with pulmonary embolism require thrombolysis to dissolve the occlusion…