…the nasal bone instead of the soft part, and lets go after two minutes. Management is a ladder — compression, cautery, anterior packing — and each step…

…sign of brain death. However, the absence of pupillary light reflex immediately post cardiac arrest is more equivocal. Various pharmaceutical agents, including epinephrine—administered to…

Echocardiography Basic sound and ultrasound physics Unlike light waves, which can propagate through vacuum, sound waves can only propagate through a physical medium. This medium…

…aims in themselves. Almost all of them have proved to work better as ranges to stay within than as figures to strive for. Ventilation In…

…Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated with heavy smoking…

…with a worse prognosis than termination due to chest pain. Leg fatigue Leg fatigue is particularly pronounced on bicycle, and less pronounced on the treadmill…

…particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart…

…particularly in light of the improvements in the management of hypertension (coronary heart disease and hypertension are traditionally viewed as the main drivers of heart…

…Macintosh blades 3 and 4 as back up, always with the light checked. Tubes in three sizes, a stylet or bougie taken out and shaped…

…digitalis effect, marked LVH with ST T changes — is an argument for imaging rather than a conventional exercise test. Preparation and equipment Cycle ergometer with…

…cornea and anterior chamber. Note the pupil size, shape and reaction to light. A teardrop shaped or peaked pupil suggests perforation. Look for hyphaema — blood…

…keep still. Sedation is usually better than physical restraint — ketamine provides both immobilisation and less psychological trauma than being held down by three adults. Procedure…

…A manometer with a three way tap when the opening pressure is to be measured. Four numbered sample tubes, and a light protected tube if…

…disposable specula in several sizes. Use the largest speculum that will fit — it gives the most light and the best view. Irrigation: a 30–60…

…08:00 and 09:00 , with the patient fasting or having had a light breakfast according to local practice. Let the patient rest lying down…

…acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is characterized by prolonged angina at rest, usually lasting more than 20 minutes; new severe angina; an accelerating pattern…

…Amyloidosis Demographic and Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older than 65 years presenting with heart failure and increased left ventricular (LV…

…events in observational studies. OCT OCT uses near infrared light rather than ultrasound. Its resolution is substantially higher than that of IVUS, approximately 5–20…

…in bradycardia (Figure 1). Cardiac output and blood pressure, rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non…