…Farmakologi & dosering Lathundar Two situations are often confused: replacement therapy in adrenal insufficiency (which must be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory treatment (which…

CPR Hypoxia and asphyxiation Hypoxia refers to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. Asphyxia is characterized by insufficient ventilation, leading to hypoxia…

…months 15 30 Dabigatran contraindicated. The other DOACs are possible according to FASS, but the documentation is insufficient; check more frequently. Warfarin is often preferable…

…Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to the hand. Vascular disease in the limb: marked peripheral arterial disease, Raynaud…

…one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis…

…Atelectasis and postoperative hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD…

…in patients who remain unconscious. The evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against active cooling to 32–36 °C. The HYPERION result means that…

…reduced hemoglobin/hematocrit, bleeding history, insufficient kidney function, and treatment with antiplatelet agents. Research indicates that the ORBIT score may offer better discrimination and calibration…

…C ≥ 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL): • Add ezetimibe (if not already added earlier). • Add a PCSK9 inhibitor (if statin + ezetimibe combination is insufficient).

…tomography (OCT) provide cross sectional information about plaque morphology and may clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…edema develops due to rising LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is insufficient. Aortic regurgitation may cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac…

…in myocardium supplied by atherosclerotic arteries. This engenders the typical ECG changes as well. In acute coronary syndromes, however, symptoms and ECG changes are manifest…

…rhythms may (1) not occur, (2) occur transiently, or (3) occur but generate insufficient cardiac output. If no escape rhythm occurs, cardiac arrest will ensue…

…Diuretics may be used for symptom relief. Surgical repair or valve replacement is considered when medical therapy is insufficient, or when concomitant valvular disease (e…

…angiography, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, stress echocardiography) has greater diagnostic accuracy. Contraindications Absolute: Acute coronary syndrome within 48 hours, or ongoing unstable angina. Uncontrolled symptomatic arrhythmia…

…long term functional outcome is limited. A Cochrane review found insufficient randomised evidence to determine which agent is best. The choice is therefore governed chiefly…

…must be corrected in a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of…

…over the volar nerve. Wait 10 minutes — insufficient waiting time is the commonest reason for the patient finding the procedure painful. Test with a needle…

…Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia Preterm delivery Gestational diabetes Small for gestational age delivery Placental abruption Pregnancy loss Polycystic ovary syndrome Functional…

…Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is a clinical syndrome defined by the combination of symptoms and/or signs of heart failure and…

…is often required to capture symptomatic events. A typical 24 to 48 hour Holter monitor is frequently insufficient. Monitors that offer real time data transmission…

…tolerated exercise time. Chronic limb threatening ischaemia CLTI occurs when resting perfusion is insufficient to meet the basal nutritional requirements of tissue. Typical symptoms include…

…precipitous drop in haemoglobin, or a sustained tachyarrhythmia—may result in insufficient blood flow to meet the increased myocardial oxygen demand, precipitating Type 2 MI…

…wall stress and coronary artery perfusion. These changes gradually lead to insufficient coronary perfusion (i.e myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris), ventricular dysfunction (heart failure…

…a stimulus that is expected to result in activation fails to do so. This may be due to insufficient stimulus energy, or lead dislodgement/fracture…

…1 2 mg of glucagon intravenously. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of steroids and antihistamines during cardiac arrest due to anaphylaxis.

…segment elevation in leads V1–V2. All degrees of AV block. Sinus node dysfunction and tach brady syndrome. Ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and torsade de…

…is transcutaneous pacing. Pharmacological interventions (Table 4) should be considered temporary, often insufficient, treatments that can be attempted until a pacemaker is established. Drug Effect…

…induce spontaneous electrical activity in myocardial cells. CPP below 15 mmHg is insufficient to generate cardiac electrical activity. CPP = P aortic P right atrium…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis. Screening in diabetes of 10…

…basal morning cortisol in the grey zone. A morning value below about 100 nmol/L strongly suggests insufficiency, and a value above about 350–400…

…Volume overload (diastolic overload) causes increased pressure within the chamber and this leads to dilatation. The most common cause is valvular regurgitation (insufficiency). For example…

…smoking, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or…

…blood flow increases RV pressure load and may impair RV filling and forward output. The resulting syndrome may progress to systemic congestion, reduced cardiac output…

…blood pressure levels that might otherwise be considered only moderately elevated. The syndrome can produce widespread maternal complications, including pulmonary oedema, renal insufficiency, hepatic injury…

…failure across the ejection fraction spectrum, according to the guideline key points Patients with renal insufficiency and cardiovascular disease, irrespective of diabetes status The clearest…

…onset, is of paramount importance. The primary concern in correcting hyponatremia is the prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central pontine myelinolysis…

…artery stenosis Severe electrolyte imbalance Severe hyperthyroidism Moderate to severe aortic stenosis Insufficiently controlled arrhythmias which may cause hemodynamic compromise Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Second degree…