…intraosseous access if intravenous access cannot be obtained quickly and parenteral treatment is needed. Prepare airway equipment and contact anaesthesia early with a prolonged seizure…

…deposition. Untreated or inadequately treated patients may develop premature CAD. Symptoms therefore depend on the vascular territory involved and may include manifestations of coronary, cerebral…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure control and adherence, although…

…an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe attacks, and…

…and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate…

…< 20 kPa (150 mmHg), and permissive hypercapnia as long as the pH stays above about 7.20. Different targets apply when the intracranial pressure…

…you are doing. Indications The laryngeal mask: A rescue airway when intubation has failed and bag mask ventilation is difficult or inadequate. The primary airway…

…avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury; always an orthopaedic surgeon, and usually general anaesthesia. An open dislocation. Inadequate analgesia or sedation —…

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…

…and inadequate coronary flow relative to myocardial oxygen demand. Consequently, an elevated cardiac troponin concentration and new ST segment depression in new onset AF should…

…adherence or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant drugs or conditions that…

…activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation. Within a stented segment, thrombus may also develop because of disturbed flow, residual dissection, inadequate stent expansion, incomplete apposition, or…

…food allergies, insect stings, and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while…

…and expect the procedure to hurt even so. Offer nitrous oxide, oral or intravenous analgesia, or procedural sedation in advance. Inadequate analgesia is the commonest…

…in renal failure and in old age Amiodarone In severe haemodynamic compromise where the above cannot be used It also has a rhythm control effect…

…and reasonable for bicarbonate and base excess, but considerably poorer for pCO₂ and entirely inadequate for pO₂. The differences increase in severe circulatory failure and…

…therapy with no missed doses. A single missed DOAC dose makes the pretreatment inadequate and the cardioversion must be postponed. Alternative when more rapid cardioversion…

…severe hypoglycaemia No defined threshold The patient has cognitive or physical impairment and needs help from another person Level 3 can occur even when the…

…dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates from what was expected. The poison control centre is the authoritative local source for the current indication, dosing…

…or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of…

…shift to establishing control of cardiorespiratory status. This includes continuing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, performing intubation, and establishing intravenous access. Clinicians must promptly consider and exclude reversible…

…inadequate emotional support is associated with recurrent cardiac events. One possible mechanism is poorer adherence to prescribed treatment. Rehabilitation programmes that incorporate psychosocial care and…

…inadequate rate control or worsening hemodynamics, and signs of digoxin toxicity. Toxicity can manifest as sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest, atrioventricular (AV) node block, and…

…during stress is inadequate. Structural CMD: resting vascular tone is increased, potentially reflecting capillary rarefaction, fibrosis, or left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension, diabetes, and elevated NT…

…defining abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term…

…a pivotal therapeutic target [4]: Beta Blockers : Administered to reduce adrenergic stimulation [4]. Sedation and Intubation : Along with anxiolytics, these measures minimize sympathetic surges [4]…

ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

…atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Beta blockers, digoxin, and calcium channel blockers may be used to control the ventricular rate. If rate control is inadequate…

…If the achieved workload is not sufficient, the reliability and thus usefulness of the test will be inadequate. The whole purpose of the exercise ECG…

…treated with thrombolysis, because reperfusion may be inadequate and/or transient with thrombolysis therapy (PCI is superior to thrombolysis also in this aspect). Guidelines recommend…

…initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB). If symptoms remain inadequately controlled, treatment should be reassessed and adapted…